阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　Art is considered by many people to be little more than an ordinary means of giving pleasure. This is not always the case; however at times, art may be seen to have a medical side as well. Such could be said of the sandpaintings of the Navaho Indians of the American Southwest; they have a medical as well as an artistic purpose.

　　According to the Navaho traditions(传统), one who suffers from either a mental or a physical illness has in some way disturbed (干扰) or something to do with the supernatural perhaps a certain animal, a ghost (幽灵), or the dead. To get rid of this bad connection, the sick person or one of his relatives will ask a medicine man called a “singer ” to perform a treating ceremony(仪式) which will attract a powerful supernatural being. During the ceremony, which may last from 2 to 9 days, the “singer” will produce a sandpainting on the floor of the Navaho house. On the last day of the ceremony, the patient will sit on this sandpainting and the “singer” will rub (揉擦) the sick parts of the patient's body with sand from a certain figure in the sandpainting. In this way the patient absorbs (吸收) the power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong like it. After the ceremony, the sandpainting is then destroyed so its power will not harm anyone.

　　The art of sandpainting is handed down from old “singers” to their students. The materials used are easily found in the areas of the Navaho area; brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone, which is made by being crushed (压碎) between two stones much as corn is ground (磨碎) into flour. The “singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and forefinger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create (创造) designs of some people, snakes and other creatures that have power in the Navaho allow reproduction of sandpaintings, since he believes the supernatural powers that taught him the art have forbidden this ; however, such reproductions can in fact be bought today in tourist shops in Arizona and New Mexico. These are done by either the Navaho Indians or by other people who wish to keep this art.

1．The purpose of a treating ceremony is to ________ .

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2．The “singer” rubs sand on the patient because ________ .

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A．the patient receives strength from sand

B．it has medical value

C．it comforts the patient

D．none of the above

3．What is used to produce a sandpainting?

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4．The underlined word “This” in the second line of the passage refers to ________ .

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A．the use of art

B．giving pleasure

C．the feeling that art is more than an ordinary means of giving pleasure

D．the feeling that art is only an ordinary means of giving pleasure

阅读理解

　　The expression “burning your bridges” means acting in such a way that you destroy any chance of turning back or changing your decision.

　　You can burn your bridges when you are offered a new job. Suppose, for example, that you decide to take the new job. You tell your old boss about your decision. You also tell him how glad you are to leave.

　　With these words, you have burned your bridges. Your boss will never let you return to your old job.

　　The expression “burning your bridges” gets its name from similar expression, “burning your boats”. Long ago, military (connected with armies) commanders wanted to make it clear to their troops that victory was expected. To make this point. an invading (入侵) force would burn its boats after landing on an enemy shore. This made it impossible to retreat a withdraw(撤退). Only by defeating the enemy would the invading troops be able to return safely to their home country. In burning their boats, the invaders had burned their bridges home.

Most people who “burn their bridges” today do not belong to the military. But like those armies , they move in a new direction with no chance of turning back.

　　One part of a person's life ends suddenly, and another begins. Soon, the new life continues on a path of its own. All that remains of the old path are memories.

　　There is another expression that all bridge burners should not forget. It usually is in the form of a warning. “Don't cross your bridges until you come to them. ” The meaning is clear : Don't act until the time is right.

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A．Giving up Your Hope

B．Changing Your Last Decision

C．Burning Your Boats or Bridges

D．Thinking Before You Act

2．The expression “Don't cross your bridges until you come to them. ” means________ .

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A．when the time is right it is safe to cross avers

B．don't waste time thinking difficulties which may never appear

C．in order to win victory, destroy any chance of turning back

D．to defeat the enemy, burn your boats soon after landing on its shore

3．When burning one's boats , one really shows his great determination to ________.

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A．make peace with his enemy

B．get back to the old path

C．creat a better world

D．start a new life

D．start a new life

In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes workers’ life more enjoyable, it does not actually make them work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to creat it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more enjoyable, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.

1．Which of the following is not mentioned as a factor leading to greater productivity?

　　A．Making jobs more varied.

　　B．More money and shorter working hours.

　　C．Degrees of work contribution.

　　D．Modern and complicated machinery.

2．According to the passage, workers want more money because          .

A．their jobs are very boring                      B．they can enjoy more freedom

C．it makes their jobs more interesting        D．they want shorter working hours

3．If we succeed in making workers’ job more interesting,          .

　　A．they will want more money

　　B．they will demand shorter working hours

　　C．they will ask for more money and shorter working hours

　　D．more money and shorter working hours will not be so concerned

4．In this passage, the author tries to tell us          .

　　A．how to make workers more comfortable

　　B．possible factors leading to greater productivity

　　C．more money leads to greater productivity

　　D．how to make workers’ jobs more interesting

5．The author of this passage is probably a           .

　　A．teacher 　　   B．worker 　　    C．manager 　　  D．physicist

The Creat Wall winds its way from west to east, ______ deserts, ______ mountains, ______ valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.

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