For years we have been told that encouraging a child’s self-respect is important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praise-sholic kids  who expect it at every turn may become teens who seek to same kind of approval from friends when asked if they want to go in the backseat of the car.
The implication(含义) of saying “You are the prettiest girl in class,” or talking about the goals she succeed but not her overall effort, is that you love her only when she looks the best, scores she highest, achieves the most. And this carries over to the classroom.
Social psychologist Carrol Dweck, PhD, tested the effects of overpraise on 400 fifth graders while she was at Columbia University. She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.
“Praising attributes(品质) or abilities makes a false promise that success will come to you because you have that quality, and it devalues effort, so children are afraid to take on challenges, ” says Dweck, now at Stanford University, “They figure they’s better quit while they’re ahead.”
【小题1】The underlined words “Praise-sholic kids” refers to kids who are ______.

C
Driving in a foreign country is always different in at least some ways from driving in your own country. Here are some general points regarding driving in New Zealand.
●       Visitors wishing to drive in New Zealand do not require an international driver's licenses but    are required to carry their local driver's license whenever driving.
●       Vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road as they do in Britain, Australia, and Japan.         Most rental vehicles will have a sticker reminding you of this important fact.
●       When the traffic light is red, you must stop. There is no left turn rule as in North America.
●       New Zealand road rules follow international standards but please note that in New Zealand    vehicles turning left must give way to traffic turning right.
●       In general, if you are turning left (where there are give-way signs or no signs), give way to        vehicles that not turning. In all other situations, give way to vehicles crossing or coming from    your right.
●       Scat belts must be worn at all times while driving in New Zealand. This stands for the driver and      passengers. The driver is responsible for ensuring all passengers are wearing their seatbelts.
●       Do not drink alcohol before driving in New Zealand－drinking and driving laws are strictly         enforced.
●       Speed limits are in kilometers per hour (kph), not miles per hour (mph).
Speed conversion: 1 kph equals 0.621mph; 1 mph equals 1.61 kph.
●       The speed limit on the open road is 100km/h. In towns and cities the speed limit is 50km/h.     Be sure to obey all school crossing speed reductions as speed cameras operate regularly throughout New Zealand.
For further information and up to date road conditions visit: http://www. transit. govt. nz
49．What can be learned from the passage?
A．A passenger's not wearing the seat belt has little to do with the driver.
B．There will be a reminder for driver to remember to drive on the left side.
C．Cars passing a school in towns should drive at a speed of less than 31 mph.
D．A foreign driver is expected to have a driving license issued by New Zealand.
50．Which of the following statements correctly explains road rules in New Zealand?
A．In Figure 1, Car B must give way to Car A.
B．In Figure 2, Car B must give way to Car A.
C．In Figure 3, Car B must give way to Car A.
D．In Figure 4, Car B must give way to Car A.

51．This passage is most likely______.
A．a travel brochure for locals
B．a website travel introduction
C．an advertisement of travel
D．a travel column in a geographical magazine

Driving in a foreign country is always different in at least some ways from driving in your own country. Here are some general points regarding driving in New Zealand.
l Visitors wishing to drive in New Zealand do not require an international driver’s license but are required to carry their local driver’s license whenever driving.
l Vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road as they do in Britain, Australia, and Japan. Most rental vehicles will have a sticker reminding you of this important fact.
l When the traffic light is red, you must stop. There is no left turn rule as in North America.
l New Zealand road rules follow international standards but please note that in New Zealand vehicles turning left must give way to traffic turning right.
l In general, if you are turning left (where there are give-way signs or no signs), give way to vehicles that not turning. In all other situations, give way to vehicles crossing or coming from your right.
l Seat belts must be worn at all times while driving in New Zealand. This stands for the driver and passengers. The driver is responsible for ensuring all passengers are wearing their seatbelts.
l Do not drink alcohol before driving in New Zealand—drinking and driving laws are strictly enforced.
l Speed limits are in kilometres per hour (kph), not miles per hour (mph).
Speed conversion: 1 kph equals 0.621 mph; 1 mph equals 1.61 kph.
l The speed limit on the open road is 100km/h. In towns and cities the speed limit is 50km/h. Be sure to obey all school crossing speed reductions as speed cameras operate regularly throughout New Zealand.
For further information and up to date road conditions visit: http://www.transit.govt.nz
【小题1】What can be learned from the passage?

Driving in a foreign country is always different in at least some ways from driving in your own country. Here are some general points regarding driving in New Zealand.

Visitors wishing to drive in New Zealand do not require an international driver’s license but are required to carry their local driver’s license whenever driving.

Vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road as they do in Britain, Australia, and Japan. Most rental vehicles will have a sticker reminding you of this important fact.

When the traffic light is red, you must stop. There is no left turn rule as in North America.

New Zealand road rules follow international standards but please note that in New Zealand vehicles turning left must give way to traffic turning right.

In general, if you are turning left (where there are give-way signs or no signs), give way to vehicles that not turning. In all other situations, give way to vehicles crossing or coming from your right.

Seat belts must be worn at all times while driving in New Zealand. This stands for the driver and passengers. The driver is responsible for ensuring all passengers are wearing their seatbelts.

Do not drink alcohol before driving in New Zealand—drinking and driving laws are strictly enforced.

Speed limits are in kilometres per hour (kph), not miles per hour (mph).

Speed conversion: 1 kph equals 0.621 mph; 1 mph equals 1.61 kph.

The speed limit on the open road is 100km/h. In towns and cities the speed limit is 50km/h. Be sure to obey all school crossing speed reductions as speed cameras operate regularly throughout New Zealand.

For further information and up to date road conditions visit: http://www.transit.govt.nz

What can be learned from the passage?

   A. A passenger’s not wearing the seat belt has little to do with the driver.

B. There will be a reminder for drivers to remember to drive on the left side.

C. Cars passing a school in towns should drive at a speed of less than 31 mph.

D. A foreign driver is expected to have a driving license issued by New Zealand.

Which of the following statements correctly explains road rules in New Zealand?

   A. In Figure 1, Car B must give way to Car A.

   B. In Figure 2, Car B must give way to Car A.

   C. In Figure 3, Car B must give way to Car A.

   D. In Figure 4, Car B must give way to Car A.

This passage is most likely ____________.

   A. a travel brochure for locals

   B. a website travel introduction

   C. an advertisement of travel

   D. a travel column in a geographical magazine

Is there a nationwide shortage of nurses? It’s hard to say．However, some characteristic symptoms often indicate that there is indeed a shortage．

One symptom is the vacancy rate, or the percentage of budgeted positions that are unfilled．New England’s hospitals currently report that an average of 7 to 12 percent of their registered nurse positions are vacant, the highest level since the last shortage in the late 1980s．Vermont has a relatively low vacancy rate, at 7．8 percent．But its vacancies were at 1．2 percent just five years ago．

Another symptom is the increased use of stopgap measures to fill empty positions．For instance, many nurses report an upswing in how frequently they are asked to stay past their shifts．According to Murphy, working in the St．Elizabeth’s Hospital, “The shortage has definitely created a lot of opportunities of overtime for our nurses, whether they want them or not．” Similarly, a national survey of registered nurses shows that in an average week, nurses in the U．S．work 2．4 more hours than they are scheduled to．Much of this extra time is voluntary, as nurses earn overtime pay when they stay to fill in blanks in the schedule．

When they can’t fill open positions by more traditional means, health care providers hire temporary staff to tide them over．Travelling workers are the largest part of the temporary health care workforce, hired for thirteen-week reduction at health care facilities facing short-term lack of workers．Temporary workers, mainly nurses, cost hospitals $ 7．2 billion in 2000．

“Any successful solution to the shortage depends on convincing more people to become nurses, and that is not an easy goal to reach．To achieve it,” says Buerhaus, “society needs to place more value on nursing．Legislation （法规） can’t do that – it should come from people．” And if this continues, we might have to learn to care for ourselves in the hospital．

The temporary staff hired by a hospital _______．

      A．cost a large part of the hospital’s budget

       B．meet the need for nurses in the hospital for a short time

      C．should work on a weekly basis and on a scheduled timetable 

       D．ought to work passively for thirty continuous weeks

According to Buerhaus, what is a successful solution to the nurse shortage?

      A．To convince people of the benefits of being a nurse．

      B．To ask the government for help to work out specific legislation．

      C．To publicize the past achievements of nurses．

      D．To make people aware of the importance of being a nurse．

What’s the probable meaning of the underlined word “upswing” in Paragraph 3?

      A．Symptom    B．Decrease   C．Increase             D．Figure

What’s the author’s attitude towards nurse shortage?

       A．Worried        B．Indifferent     C．Doubtful      D．Optimistic