Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. A recent research shows people tend to tell more lies in phone conversations than they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded and can come back to haunt you appears to be the key to the finding.

Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 percent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 of phone calls.

His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment（非直接接触）of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to be more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.

But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. “People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account,” he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.

“People are also more likely to lie in real time in an instant message or phone call than if they have time to think of a response,” say Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous responses to an unexpected demand, such as, “Do you like my dress?”

Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.

Hancock’s study focuses on ______.

A. the consequences of lying in various communications media

B. the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas

C. people are less likely to lie in instant messages

D. people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media

Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ______.

A. people are less likely to lie in instant messages

B. people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions

C. people are most likely to lie in email communication

D. people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations

According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?

A. They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.

B. They believe that honesty is the best policy.

C. They tend to be relaxed when using those media.

D. They are most practiced at those forms of communication.

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A. honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications

B. more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees

C. suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes

D. email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company

Communication technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt(困扰) you—appears to be the key to the finding.
Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 percent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.
His results, to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment(非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.
But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.
People are also more likely to lie in real time—in an instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous(脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”
Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his result, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.
66. Hancock’s study focuses on ________.
A. the consequences of lying in various communications media
B. the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas
C. people’s preference in selecting communications technologies
D. people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
67. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.
A. people are less likely to lie in instant messages
B. people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C. people are most likely to lie in email communication
D. people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations
68. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?
A. They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies
B. They believe that honesty is the best policy
C. They tend to be relaxed when using those media
D. They are most practiced at those forms of communication
69. According to Hancock, the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________.
A. salesmen can talk directly to their customers
B. salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
C. salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
D. salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively
70. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications
B. more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees
C. email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company
D. suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes

任务型阅读(10’):每空填一词。

Nowadays people use different ways to communicate with each other. And does one always tell the truth when he or she talks with the other on the phone? Or does one sometimes tell a lie when writing an e-mail or giving an instant message? Recent research has found that communication technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study, made by Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in e-mails. The fact that e-mails are automatically recorded--- and can come back to trouble you---appears to be the key to the finding.

Jeff Hancock made an investigation by asking 30 students to keep a communication diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or e-mail exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 percent of e-mails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.

His results, to be presented at the conference on human computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because the unreal condition makes people uncomfortable, the detachment(非直接接触) of e-mailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because people are more practiced at that form of communication.

But Hancock says it is also very important and effective whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know that they will be responsible for what they have said in the conversation, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in e-mail than on the phone.

People are also more likely to lie in real time---in an instant message or phone call, say---than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are sudden or immediate responses to demands that they don’t expect, such as: “Do you like my dress?”

Hancock hopes his research will help business companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for selling their products where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his results, work assessment, where honesty is regarded as more important than others, might be best done using e-mails.

Jeff Hancock’s study on lying in different ways of communications

Communication technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt(困扰) you—appears to be the key to the finding.

Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 percent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.

His results, to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment(非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.

But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.

People are also more likely to lie in real time—in an instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous(脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”

Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his result, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.

66. Hancock’s study focuses on ________.

A. the consequences of lying in various communications media

B. the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas

C. people’s preference in selecting communications technologies

D. people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media

67. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.

A. people are less likely to lie in instant messages

B. people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions

C. people are most likely to lie in email communication

D. people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations

68. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?

A. They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies

B. They believe that honesty is the best policy

C. They tend to be relaxed when using those media

D. They are most practiced at those forms of communication

69. According to Hancock, the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________.

A. salesmen can talk directly to their customers

B. salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate

C. salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy

D. salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively

70. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A. honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications

B. more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees

C. email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company

D. suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes

Sharks have lived in the oceans for over 450 million years, long before dinosaurs appeared. There are now about 360 species of sharks, whose size, behavior, and other characteristics differ widely.
Every year, we catch and kill over 100 million sharks, mostly for food and for their fins. Dried shark fins are used to make shark fin soup, which sells for as much as $50 a bowl in fine Hong Kong restaurants. Other sharks are killed for sport and out of fear. Sharks are vulnerable(易受伤的) to overfishing because it takes most species 10 to 15 years to begin reproducing and they produce only a few offspring（后代）.
Influenced by movies and popular novels, most people see sharks as people-eating monsters. This is far from the truth. Every year, a few types of shark injure about 100 people worldwide and kill about 25. Most attacks are by great white sharks, which often feed on sea lions and other marine（海洋的） mammals. They sometimes mistake human swimmers for their normal prey, especially if they are wearing black wet suits.
If you are a typical ocean-goer, your chances of being killed by an unprovoked（非受挑衅而发生的）attack by a shark are about 1 in 100 million. You are more likely to be killed by a pig than a shark and thousands of times more likely to get killed when you drive a car.
Sharks help save human lives. In addition to providing people with food, they are helping us learn how to fight cancer, bacteria, and viruses. Sharks are very healthy and have aging processes similar to ours. Their highly effective immune system allows wounds to heal quickly without becoming infected, and their blood is being studied in connection with AIDS research.
Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts（白内障）. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals taken from shark cartilage（软骨）have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, research that someday could help prolong your life.
Sharks are needed in the world’s ocean ecosystems. Although they don’t need us, we need them. We are much more dangerous to sharks than they are to us. For every shark that bites a person, we kill one million sharks.
【小题1】Which of the following is NOT a reason why people kill sharks?