So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning , they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that“ reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.
  Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also public activity. It can be seen and observed.
  Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private ,for learning is an occupation of the mind ,and that process is not open to public scrutiny.
  If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable ,what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest（探索）for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children. ”
  When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher fulfil them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading.

  71．The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that ________.
  A. it is one of the most difficult school courses
  B. students spend endless hours in reading
  C. reading tasks are assigned with little guidance
  D. too much time is spent in teaching about reading
  72．The teaching of reading will be successful if ________.
  A. teachers can improve conditions at school for the students
  B. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading
  C. teachers can devise the most effcient system for reading
  D. teachers can make their teaching activities observable
  73．The underlined word“ scrutiny” most probably means“________”.
  A. inquiry            B. observation
  C. control            D. suspicion
  74．According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when ________.
  A. children become highly motivated
  B. teacher and learner roles are interchangeable
  C. teaching helps children in the search for knowledge
  D. reading enriches children’s experience
  75．The main idea of the passage is that ________.
  A. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read
  B. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible
  C. reading ability is something acquired rather than taught
  D. reading is more complicated that generally believed

I was doing a big clean-up and my kids were helping. One of my sons came across a handkerchief of mine with a coin inside. I took one look and was immediately    to another time．

    In 1991，I had spent five months in Viger(尼日尔)，a hot African country. There were many things I found       about this place—the climate and beggars who       shouted “Cadeau! Cadeau!” It means gift．

One      was a lot worse．One day，a friend and I headed for neighboring Burkina Faso to work in a health clinic．However，a motorbike with two men      slowly．Without warning，one of the men     my backpack as the motorbike swept close by．The bag had my passport，money，an airline ticket and other things precious to me．I was in deep      ．In the weeks that followed I looked at all   with suspicion.

   All I wanted was to leave this place．One day，I was stopped by an old woman “Cadeau!” she cried. I’d had enough! I was sick and tired of the country．I told her firmly，“A thief stole all my money and now I can’t get off your country.” The beggar woman listened carefully and     my words．

  “Then I will give you a cadeau,” she announced．Kindly，she placed an old brown coin in my palm. I looked at it   ．Living in poverty，she gave me something priceless! I saw then the     beauty of the people of Burkina Faso and    deeply the quiet dignity of the small coin；she turned my perceptions upside down．

1.A. welcomed       B. transported              C．exchanged          D. expected

2.A. difficult           B. easy        C. curious            D. adequate

3.A. annoyingly        B. carefully       C. politely                     D. calmly

4.A. clinic               B. present                 C. opportunity      D. incident

5.A. continued       B. failed                     C. approached             D. dropped

6.A. grabbed          B. broke                    C. borrowed               D. fixed

7.A. debt              B. snow            C. trouble                  D. thought

8.A. plats              B. friends                   C. men           D. locals

9.A. denied             B. used                      C. considered              D. changed

10.A. in horror       B. in shock         C. in return                D. in addition

11.A. uncertain                B. unfortunate             C. unnecessary               D. unexpected

12.A. thanked                  B. regretted                C. appreciated             D. pitied

Another food which is closely associated with Americans is apple pie．Apple pie is often served hot with a spoon of ice cream or a slice of cheese at the end of the biggest meal of the day—dinner, and it is a favorite dessert throughout the nation, if a person is typical of Americans, we can say, "He is as American as apple pie．"

It is true that the apple and apple pie do not originate in America, but the expression "as American as apple pie" is not the product of a pure imagination．As early as 1625, the English colonists, having brought orchards （果园） on this new land and in most of the colonial times, the apple was a main material of both plain and fancy cooking．The first Massachusetts governor, William Endicott, was one of many keen apple planters who helped to lay the foundations for today' s apple-growing industry in America．

A major attraction of the apple for the colonists was that it could be made into cider （苹果酒）. Like most Europeans, English colonists held a strong suspicion （怀疑） of drinking water, and since grapegrowing was hindered by plant peats, cider became an alternative to wine．Cheap and easy to produce, it was the American drink of first choice well into the nineteenth century． Whether it was dried, raw or cooked, the apple also found its way into numerous colonial dishes, including apple sauces, pudding, stuffings and many desserts．Therefore, the conclusion to be drawn here is obvious．The apple pie became known as American, not because it was invented on this land （since it was proved that Europeans had been eating apple pies for centuries）, but because, thanks to the huge orchards in the states of Washington and New York, America became the world's largest apple-producing nation．

1.If a person is said to be as American as apple pie, it means that _______．

2.The apple can be used to make into all of the following except _______．

3.The underlined word hindered in Paragraph 3 means．________．

4.It can be concluded from the passage that_______．

Lucky is the man who has no “skeleton in his closet”. When a man has done something in his life that he is ashamed of, that he wants to hide, he is said to have a “skeleton in his closet”. Some people may have more than one skeleton.

As we have noted many times, it is hard to find out how these expressions begin. Sometimes, we get some hard facts. But more often we have to depend on guesswork. And that is true of this phrase, which came from England.

Before 1932, English law did not permit a doctor to cut open a dead human body for scientific examination, unless it was the corpse(尸体) of an executed(处决) criminal.

But when it became legal, more and more doctors demanded skeletons for a more scientific study of medicine. It was helping in the advance of modern medicine. The demand had become so strong that men began to rob tombs and sell skeletons to doctors at high prices.

We are told that a doctor would usually buy just one skeleton for scientific study. It became very important in his work. But he had to keep it hidden because most people objected to keeping such a thing. As a rule, the doctor would keep his skeleton in some dark corner where it could not be seen, or hide it in a closet.

After a time, people began to suspect(怀疑) every doctor of hiding a skeleton in the closet. From this suspicion, the phrase “a skeleton in the closet” took on a broader, more general meaning to describe anything that a man wanted to keep others from discovering. It could be proof of a criminal act, or something much less serious. Well, that is one theory.

One writer, however, believes that the phrase might have come from something that really happened. It is his guess that a hidden closet in some old English country home may have turned up a real skeleton, clear proof of some old family shame or crime. Well, one man’s guess is as good as another. But this sounds like a story by the great French novelist, Balzac.

Baizac tells us of a man who suspected his wife of having a lover. The husband comes home by surprise. But she hears him and quickly hides her lover in the closet of her bedroom. He enters her room and asks her if she is hiding her lover. He says he will not open the door to the closet if she promises him there is no one there; He will believe her. She answers firmly that she is not hiding anyone in the closet.

The husband then begins to build a solid brick wall against the closet. His wife watches, knowing that her lover will never come out alive. But she will not change her story and admit her guilt.   

1. Which of the following situations is suitable for using the phrase “skeleton in the closet” ?

A. You have stolen something precious and don’t want it discovered.

B. You are a doctor and have to keep a skeleton for research.

C. If you have cut open a dead human body for scientific examination you should keep the skeleton secret.

D. You have done a crime or done something foolish, but you want to keep other from discovering it.

2. From the text we know that there are _______ theories about how the phrase “skeleton in the closet” came into being.

A. one    B. two    C. three  D. four

3. In Chinese the world “skeleton” means _______.

A. 尸体   B. 标本  C. 收藏  D. 骷髅

4. Which of the following is right according to the text?

A. In the 20th century, doctors realized the importance of anatomy(解剖) in the development of medicine.

B. The doctors of the ancient times liked to collect as many skeleton as possible.

C. The thieves stole skeletons from tombs in order to help the doctors.

D. It was legal that corpses of anybody were cut open for scientific examination in history.

5. From the story Balzac told we know that the wife’s lover must have become _______.

A. a corpse  B. a phrase  C. a skeleton 　D. a secret

When JetBlue captain Clayton Osbon became unpredictable, his co-pilot invented a reason for him to go back into the cabin．Once the captain was out of the cockpit （驾驶舱） , the co-pilot locked the door to keep the captain from returning．Passengers, some with law enforcement experience, calmed the captain．The flight changed course to Amarillo, Texas where the captain was hospitalized．
Incidents in which a pilot has had an in-flight psychological breakdown are rare．But how could it happen at all? Though pilots are required to have an examination at least once a year by a physician approved by the FAA, there are no formal procedures in place to test pilots for signs of psychological problems．
At most airlines, pilots are members of a union．A pilot who appears to have a psychological or an alcohol problem can be reported to a union member whose job it is to investigate．If there is a problem, the pilot is given the choice of getting treatment or being reported to management．But at airlines, such as Allegiant, JetBlue, and Virgin American where there is no union, pilots are – to say the least - unwilling to report a fellow pilot to management．
In most professions, a person experiencing emotional difficulties is free to consult a doctor．Rut an airline pilot in therapy is viewed with suspicion both by the airline and by the FAA．No pilot wants to be put under extra examination by an agency that has the power to revoke their license or end their employment．That being the case, pilots are less likely than people in other professions to seek help．
There may be no way to make sure this never happens again, but its possibility can be reduced． Tests such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory （ MMPI） can reliably detect depression, paranoia, schizophrenia, and other problems．The FAA could require pilots to take the MMPI or a similar test on a periodic basis．Whether such testing becomes required will depend upon the public's response to this incident and whether additional incidents take place．
Flying is remarkably safe．But incidents such as this cause concern．
【小题1】What does the underlined word "revoke" most probably mean?