英语语法知识难点(三)

　　　　　　　　　　　 (十)情态动词与助动词

　现在分词的句法功能。 　1、作状语 　Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful. 　Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him. 　2、作宾语 　I hate being spoken ill of. 　He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation. 　3、作表语 　Seeing is believing. 　The book is interesting. 　4、作宾语补足语 　I noticed him crossing the street. 　Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen. 　5、作定语 　Do you know the man writing a letter? 　The worker running a machine is my brother.

　分词使用中的几个问题 　1、现在分词的完成式 　Having cleaned the room, I went out. 　2、现在分词的否定式 　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried. 　3、现在分词与过去分词的不同 　现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成 　I found the man killed there. 　I found the man standing there. 　4、have结构 　We have the car repaired. 　We have repaired the car. 　We have Tom repair the car. 　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning. 　5、分词作表语 　We were excited at the news. 　The football game is exciting. 　6、独立主格结构 　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

(九)分词

　否定式 not +动名词 　2、 动名词的用法 　(1) 作主语 　Playing football is my favorite sport. 　Travelling with friends at weekend is fun. 　作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如： 　It is fun travelling with friends at weekend. 　(2) 作宾语 　I enjoy playing PC game. 　He gave up writing five years ago. 　(3) 作表语 　What he hated most was doing nothing. 　Seeing is believing. 　动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。 　(4) 作定语 　There's a dining room in my school. 　All the people watching laughed. 　(5) 动名词的复合结构"物主代词(或名词的所有格)+动名词"。如： 　Tom's going home late made her mother angry. 　Would you mind my opening the window? 　不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格)。 　①无生命名词 　The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing. 　Fire burns better by oxygen being at work. 　②有生命名词，但表泛指。 　Have you ever heard of girls smoking? 　③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。 　Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语 　mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine, 　keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit, 　be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing, 　can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing, 　look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing, 　devote to doing, lead to doing

　例3 A new factory is ____ very soon. 　A to be built B built 　C to build D to building 　解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"将要被建"。

(八)动名词

2、 不定式的句法功能 　(1) 作主语 　To hear from you is nice. 　To be a good teacher is not easy. 　不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如： 　It's nice to hear from you. 　It's not easy to be a good teacher. 　(2) 作宾语 　通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如： 　I forgot to lock the door. 　Please remember to write to me. 　(3) 作表语 　My job is to pick up letters. 　He seemed to have heard nothing. 　(4) 作定语 　不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如： 　I have two letters to write. 　I have a lot of work to do. 　(5) 作宾补 　通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如： 　He ordered her to leave at once. 　He was forced to obey his order. 　(6) 作状语 　He got up early to catch the first bus. 　He worked hard to catch up with the other students. 　(7) 作独立成分 　To tell you the truth, I told a lie. 　(8) "疑问词+不定式"结构。 如： 　I don't know how to choose them. 　I cannot decide where to go. 　(9)不定式的否定式。如： 　I decided not to go. 　(10)不定式的完成式。如： 　He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in. 　The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

　(11)too…to 结构。如： 　He was too excited to go to sleep. 　He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去) 　(12)主动表被动。如： 　The book is easy to read. 　I have a book to read.

(七)动词不定式

　(1) 动词+介词 　常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如： 　Don't laugh at others. 　I didn't care about it. 　(2) 动词+副词 　常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如： 　You'll hand in your homework tomorrow. 　Please don't forget to hand it in. 　(3) 动词+副词+介词 　常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： 　All his money added up to no more than $100. 　After a short rest, he went on with his research work. 　(4) 动词+名词+介词 　常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： 　You should pay attention to your handwriting. 　We should make full use of our time. 　(5) 动词+形容词 　常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如： 　The prisoners were set free. 　He cut it open. 　(6) 动词+名词 　常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如： 　This story took place three years ago. 　I make friends with a lot of people. 　(7)辨析 　give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up(放弃，停止) 　put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (扑灭) 　turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打开) 　keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不让靠近) 　make up(编造，补上) 和 make out(辨认) 　take off(脱，起飞) 和 take out(拿出)

(六)短语动词

　注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如： 　Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party. 　2、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用 　(1) 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省) +动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。 　句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that… 　句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that… 　句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that… 　如： It is strange that he (should) have done that. 　　It is a pity that he (should) be so careless. 　　It is requested that we (should) be so careless. 　(2) 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如： I suggest that we (should) go swimming. 　(3) 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如： His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once. 　(4) 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如： We received order that the work be done at once. 　(5) 在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或 　"should +动词原形",should不可省。如： 　It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.