21、If you are just starting to collect stamps, here is some advice for you to follow.

At the beginning, collect as many stamps as you can. The ones which you decide not to keep can be traded with other people. Never throw stamps away.

Don’t keep the envelope, unless it is unusual（与众不同）. However, do keep the envelope if it is the first date when that particular stamp is used. Some people are very interested in these “first day covers”.

Sooner or later you will decide that you want to collect a certain kind of stamps. It may be stamps from a particular country, or stamps of a particular kind, like stamps with a bird design on them, for example. This will make your collecting much more interesting. You can then look for new ones to add to your collection.

Do join group. There is a lot to learn about stamps and others can help you. Also it is great fun. You will soon learn which stamps other people are collecting and they will start to trade stamps with you, too.

Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford. You can often pick up packs of used stamps very cheaply.

Old stamps that have not been used are usually more expensive than used stamps. Perhaps at the beginning you may only afford used stamps.

Sooner or later, you will find something unusual. It may even be valuable（有价值的，贵重的）. Finally, remember that stamp collecting is fun. It can be exciting to get stamps which you do not have yet. Also, many stamps have unusual and beautiful designs, so enjoy them!

1. What’s the first advice for you when you begin to collect stamp?

A. Throw away the ones you don’t need.

B. Only collect the stamps you need to keep.

C. Collect as many stamps as you can.

D. Only collect the stamps you want to trade with other people.

2. What should you do with the envelope?

A. Keep the envelope if it is unusual.

B. Throw away the envelope after you take off the stamp.

C. Keep the envelope every time.

D. Throw away the envelope before you take off the stamp.

3. What kind of stamps are usually more expensive?

A. Old ones.                      B. New ones.

C. Old ones that have not been used.   D. Old ones that have been used.

4. Which one is not the reason to join a group?

A. To enjoy great fun.

B. To learn something about stamps from other members.

C. To trade stamps with other members.

D. To learn how to make stamps from others.

20、Over thirty thousand years ago people from northern Asia（亚洲北部）went to America. Today, we call these people Indians（印第安人）.

The Indians went to America because the weather began to change. Northern Asia became very cold. Everything froze. They had to move or die. How did the first Indians go to America? They walked!

Later Columbus found the New World in 1492. At first, only a few Europeans followed（跟随）. They traveled to America in boats. For the next three hundred years, about 500,000 people went there. Then the number grew very quickly. From 1815 to 1915, over thirty-two million Europeans left their countries and went to the United States. The biggest groups were from Germany and Italy（意大利）. These Europeans spoke many different languages. Most of them took almost no money. They went to America so that they could find a better life.

1.      went to America first.

A. People from northern Asia                  B. People from Europe

C. People from Germany                     D. Columbus

2. Why did the Indians go to America? Because         .

A. northern Asia became very hot               B. northern Asia became very cold

C. they were interested in America              D. they liked traveling

3. The first Europeans went to America      .

A. by plane       B. by bike        C. by boat      D. by train

4. These Europeans       .

A. didn’t speak the same language               B. spoke English only

C. spoke German only                        D. spoke both English and German

19、In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist.  So he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden. That was the first photo.

The next important date in the history of photography（摄影术）was in 1837. That year, Daguere, another Frenchman, took a picture of his reading room. He used a new kind of camera in a different way. In his picture you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest thing. This kind of photo was called a Daguerreo type.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s way. Travelers brought back wonderful photos from all around the world. People took pictures of famous buildings, cities and mountains.

In about 1840, photography was developed. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. That was not simple. The photographers had to carry a lot of film and other machines. But this did not stop them. For example, some in the United States worked so hard.

Mathew Brady was a famous American photographer. He took many pictures of great people. The pictures were unusual because they were very lifelike（栩栩如生的）. Photographers also became one kind of art by the end of the 19th century. Some photos were not just copies of the real world. They showed the feelings, like other kinds of art.

1. The first photo taken by Niepce was a picture of       .

A. his business      B. his house              C. his garden       D. his window

2. The Daguerro type was       .

A. a Frenchman     B. a kind of picture    C. a kind of camera   D. a photography

3. This passage tells us      .

A. how photography was developed

B. how to show your ideas and feelings in pictures

C. how to take pictures in world

D. how to use different cameras

17、Who _____ this dictionary belong to?

A. does               B. is              C. has                D. was

16、-_____ paper is really easy.

- I agree. But it’s hard ____ riding in cars.

A. Recycling, to stop                          B. Recycle, to stop

C. Recycling, stop                     D. Recycle, stop

15、There _____ a football game in our school next week.

A. has            B. is going to be           C. have             D. is going to have

14、I don’t know what happened ______ the old man yesterday.

A. for                  B. on            C. to          D .with

13、By the time he_____, the teacher______.

A. came, went                               B. had come, went

C. came, had gone                      D. comes, will go