October 15, 1970 was declared International White Cane Safety Day (IWCSD) for the first time by the President of the International Federation of the Blind (IFB). This date was adopted at the first convention of the IFB, held in Colombo on October 4, 1969. The object of the exercise is to enable the general public to have a better understanding of blindness and visual handicap, and to make people more aware of the white cane as a mobility aid.

Peguilly d’Herbemont was born on 25th June 1888 into an old French noble family of the same name. In her youth she led the conventional and protected existence, lack of great activity, of a girl from a “good family”, an existence reminding of the life of the aristocracy(贵族) before the French Revolution. She never visited a public school, but was educated by German and English governesses and nuns. Her movements were restricted and were mainly confined to the family positions in Paris and Belgium, but she spent most of her time at the castle of Charmois not far from Verdun.

In the process of helping individual blind people across the road, Peguilly d’Herbemont was made aware by narrow scrapes(刮擦) which almost led to accidents, of the dangerous situation of the visually impaired brought about by the steadily increasing traffic on the roads. She first spoke about measures to protect the blind against street hazards to her mother in 1930, but she was of the opinion that it was unfit for a lady of good society to create a public outcry and advised her to stick to the transcription of books, a popular pastime of ladies of rank at the time.

But the idea did not leave her. The urgent wish to encourage the integration(成为一体) of the blind into society by providing them with a means of moving about more freely without endangering others, and at the same time attracting the attention of passers-by ready to offer assistance, caused her to take the unusual step of writing to the editor of the Paris daily Echo de Paris in which she suggested issuing the blind of the Paris region with white sticks similar to those used by the traffic police.

The editor took up the idea, published it in November 1930 and saw to it that the relevant authorities acted with atypical speed. Thus it was that the white cane received official backing, and on 7th February 1931.

1.The underlined words “the exercise” here refer to _____.

A. the founding of the IFB                                      B. the declaration of IWCSD

C. the convention of the IFB                                            D. the first convention of the IFB

2. Which of the following is true about Peguilly d’Herbemont?

A. She led a typical aristocrat life when she was young.

B. Though she could travel around Europe, she spent most time at Charmois.

C. She was taught German and English at a public school.

D. She worried about possible street hazards for the blind, witnessing many traffic accidents.

3._____ gave her the white cane idea.

A. Her concern about the dangerous situation for the blind caused by the increasing traffic

B. The accident she had when helping blind people across the road

C. The scrapes she got when crossing the road

D. Her urgent wish to integrate into society together with the blind

4.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Peguilly d’Herbemont’s mother didn’t want her to draw the public’s attention.

B. It was common for people to write to newspapers to voice their opinion at the time.

C. Peguilly’s strong desire to help the blind made her not a looker-on but an advocate.

D. The editor contributed a lot to the declaration of International White Cane Safety Day.

5.This passage mainly wants to tell us _____.

A. Peguilly d’Herbemont’s achievements

B. how to care for the blind

C. the function of the white cane

D. how International White Cane Safety Day came into being

 

Training courses for the general public

       We have developed a new range of first aid courses designed to meet the needs of home or leisure activities．It wjll help you in the everyday life．

Emergency life support

       Our emergency life support course takes just three hours to complete and will give you the essential skills to save a life．It includes heart attacks, stroke, stomach-ache and serious bleeding．

Basic first aid

       This course is about everyday first aid: minor burns and scalds （烫伤） , small cuts and scrapes in daily life, which are invaluable when accidents happen around the home —and when you're out and about．It doesn't include CPR．

       This course is ideal for members of the public who want to learn first aid without having to do resuscitation or CPR．

Family first aid

       This course is for families to leam first aid together．The course covers the same content as Basic first aid and Emergency life support．The course takes six hours．

       In addition to the Basic first aid course content you will also learn:

●Treatment of asthma, head injuries, chest pains and shock．

●Treatment of severe bleeding and severe burns．

●Recognition and treatment for meningitis, poisons, seizures and stroke．

●Bone, muscle and joint injuries．

Activity first aid

       This course takes 16 hours and includes all the content of Emergency life support．Basic first aid and Family first aid course．It also covers conditions caused by the extremes of temperature, low blood sugar and casualty management．

Total first aid

       It is our most comprehensive first aid course taking 28 hours to complete．This course is for members of the public who want an in-depth knowledge of first aid techniques．This includes all of the content of the Activity first aid course and training in using some medical instruments．

Emergency aid for traffic

       This course is specifically designed for accidents and covers emergency life support skills and head injuries．This course is ideal for members of the general public who are motorcyclists and wish to know how to handle an incident．

Sports first aid

       This course will give you all the necessary first aid skills to deal with a whole range of sporting injuries．

45．These first aid training courses are mainly designed for       ．

       A．housewives                  B．members of the public

       C．doctors and nurses            D．school students

46．The underlined word "scrapes" in the third paragraph probably means "       "．

       A．injuries caused by a serious accident     B．sudden attack of illness in the brain

       C．injuries caused by something rough       D．injuries caused by wild animals

47．How long does it take to complete Basic first aid course?

       A．Three hours．  B．Four hours．   C．Five hours．    D．Six hours．

48．Which of the following contains most first aid skills?

       A．Basic first aid．         B．Family first aid．        

       C．Activity first aid．        D．Total first aid

Training courses for the general public

       We have developed a new range of first aid courses designed to meet the needs of home or leisure activities．It will help you in the everyday life．

Emergency life support

       Our emergency life support course takes just three hours to complete and will give you the essential skills to save a life．It includes heart attacks, stroke, stomach-ache and serious bleeding．

Basic first aid

       This course is about everyday first aid: minor burns and scalds （烫伤） , small cuts and scrapes in daily life, which are invaluable when accidents happen around the home —and when you're out and about．It doesn't include CPR．

       This course is ideal for members of the public who want to learn first aid without having to do resuscitation or CPR．

Family first aid

       This course is for families to learn first aid together．The course covers the same content as Basic first aid and Emergency life support．The course takes six hours．

       In addition to the Basic first aid course content you will also learn:

●Treatment of asthma, head injuries, chest pains and shock．

●Treatment of severe bleeding and severe burns．

●Recognition and treatment for meningitis, poisons, seizures and stroke．

●Bone, muscle and joint injuries．

Activity first aid

       This course takes 16 hours and includes all the content of Emergency life support．Basic first aid and Family first aid course．It also covers conditions caused by the extremes of temperature, low blood sugar and casualty management．

Total first aid

       It is our most comprehensive first aid course taking 28 hours to complete．This course is for members of the public who want an in-depth knowledge of first aid techniques．This includes all of the content of the Activity first aid course and training in using some medical instruments．

Emergency aid for traffic

       This course is specifically designed for accidents and covers emergency life support skills and head injuries．This course is ideal for members of the general public who are motorcyclists and wish to know how to handle an incident．

Sports first aid

       This course will give you all the necessary first aid skills to deal with a whole range of sporting injuries．

1．These first aid training courses are mainly designed for       ．

       A．housewives                                B．members of the public

       C．doctors and nurses                         D．school students

2．The underlined word "scrapes" in the third paragraph probably means "       "．

       A．injuries caused by a serious accident     B．sudden attack of illness in the brain

       C．injuries caused by something rough       D．injuries caused by wild animals

3．How long does it take to complete Basic first aid course?

       A．Three hours．     B．Four hours．       C．Five hours．       D．Six hours．

4．Which of the following contains most first aid skills?

       A．Basic first aid．                               B．Family first aid．

       C．Activity first aid．                              D．Total first aid

The simplest way to say it is this: I believe in my mother. My __1__ began when I was just a kid．I __2__ becoming a doctor.

　　My mother was a domestic．Through her work, she observed that __3__ people spent a lot more time reading than they __4_ watching television. She announced that my brother and I __5__ watch two to three pre-selected TV programs during the week. With our free time, we had to read two books each from the Detroit Public Library and __6__ to her written book reports. She would mark them up with check marks and highlights. Years later we realized her marks were a __7__. My mother was illiterate.

　　When I entered high school I was a(n) __8__, but not for long. I wanted the fancy clothes. I wanted to __9__ with the guys. I went from being an A-student to a B-student to a C-student. One night my mother came home from __10__ her various jobs and I complained about not having enough Italian knit shirts. She said, "Okay, I'll give you all the money I make this week scrubbing floors and cleaning bathrooms, and you can buy __11__ food and pay the bills. With everything __12__, you can have all the Italian knit shirts you want." I was very __13__ with that arrangement but once I got through allocating money, there was __14__ left. I realized my mother was a financial genius to be able to __15__ a roof over our heads and any kind of food on the table, __16__ buy clothes. I also realized that immediate satisfaction wasn't going to get me anywhere. Success required intellectual preparation. I went back to my _17__ and became an A-student again, and eventually I __18__ my dream and I became a doctor.

　　My story is really my mother's story-a woman with __19__ formal education or property who used her position as a parent to change the lives of many people around the globe. There is no job __20__ than parenting. This I believe.

1.                A．belief          B．work           C．education D．promise

 

2.                A．majored in      B．got used to      C．dreamed of    D．got tired of

 

3.                A．lazy            B．easy-going       C．successful     D．reliable

 

4.                A．cost           B．paid           C．took D．did

 

5.                A．could only       B．could not       C．must not D．should often

 

6.                A．read           B．present         C．teach D．explain

 

7.                A．joke           B．means          C．tool  D．trick

 

8.                A．A-student       B．B-student       C．C-student D．D-student

 

9.                A．get along       B．hang out        C．break away    D．keep in touch

 

10.               A．making         B．stopping        C．working   D．getting

 

11.               A．your brother    B．yourself        C．your sister D．the family

 

12.               A．left over        B．paid off         C．used up   D．carried out

 

13.               A．angry          B．pleased        C．disappointed   D．bored

 

14.               A．anything        B．everything      C．something D．nothing

 

15.               A．take           B．give           C．keep D．get

 

16.               A．let alone        B．let out         C．let in D．leave alone

 

17.               A．guys           B．mother         C．studies    D．play

 

18.               A．made          B．fulfilled         C．changed   D．tried

 

19.               A．little           B．much          C．few  D．high

 

20.               A．more interesting B．less important    C．more important D．less interesting

 

 

Poverty exists because our society is an unequal one, and there are plenty of political pressures to keep it that way. Any attempt to redistribute wealth and income in the United States will be opposed by powerful middle and upper class interests. People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor.

　　As Herbert Gans has pointed out, poverty is actually functional form from the point of view of the non-poor. Poverty ensures that ‘dirty’ work gets done. If there were no poor people to clean floors and empty dustbins, these jobs would have to be rewarded with high incomes before anyone would touch them. Poverty creates jobs for many of the non-poor, such as police officers, welfare workers, and government officials. Poverty makes life easier for the rich by providing them with cooks, gardeners and other workers to perform basic work while their employers enjoy more pleasurable activities. Poverty provides a market for low-level goods and services, such as day-old bread, rundown automobiles. Poverty legitimizes (make legal) middle-class values. To the middle class, the fate of the poor---who are supposed to lack honesty, and a taste of hard work---only confirms the desirability of qualities the poor are thought to lack. Poverty also provides a group that can be made to absorb the costs of change. For example, the poor bear the pressure of unemployment and it’s their homes, not those of the wealthy, that are destroyed when a route has to be found for a new highway. It cannot be said that the wealthy keep the poor in poverty. It is just that poverty is an outcome of the American economic system, which the poor are politically powerless to influence or change.

1. The best title is ________________________.

A．Functions of Poverty	B．Political Power in Poverty
C．The Fate of the Poor	D．An Unequal Society

2. Poverty exists in American society because ____________.

A．the wealthy work hard and are glad to keep it

B．the majority of the non-poor are totally indifferent (not paying much attention) to it

C．the rich are politically powerful while the poor are politically powerless

D．the poor like the jobs that they’re supplied by the wealthy.

3.The poor take on ‘dirty work’ ___________________.   

A．under political pressure	B．for the high pay offered
C．as they are reasonably paid	D．though ill-paid

4. The author thinks that _____________________.

A．the poor lack such desirable qualities as honesty
B．the poor are not supposed to work hard
C．the poor are willing to bear the costs of change	D．none of the above