阅读理解

　　In Chicago, a computerized system has been developed that controls(管理)traffic on the city’s 235 miles of seven expressways．Now one－a controller－can follow the movement of Chicago’s traffic by looking at a set of lights．The system uses electric sensors(感应器)that are built into each expressway, every half a mile．Several times a second, the computer receives information from each sensor and translates it into green, yellow or red lights on a map in the control room．A green light means traffic is moving forty-five miles an hour, yellow means thirty to forty-five miles an hour, and red means heavy traffic－cars standing still or moving less than thirty miles an hour．

　　“See that red light near Austin Avenue?”the controller asked a visitor．“That’s a repair truck fixing the road, and the traffic has to go around it．”At the Roosevelt Road entrance to the expressway, the light kept changing from green to red and back to green again．“A lot of trucks get on the expressway there,”the controller explained．“They can’t speed up as fast as cars．”The sensors show immediately where an accident or a stopped car is blocking the traffic, and a truck is sent by radio to clear the road．The system has lowered the number of accidents by 18 percent．There are now 1．4 deaths on Chicago’s expressway for each one hundred million miles traveled, while in other parts of the county there are 2.6．

　　Traffic experts say that the Chicago system is the “coming thing”．Systems like Chicago’s are already in use on some expressways in Los Angeles and Houston．“Chicago has taken the lead,”said New York City’s traffic director and he added,“Chicago’s a good example．”

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　　If you want to work more on writing, we suggest(建议)that you read throngh the passage below．That will help you learn how to improve your writing．

　　Choosing a Writing Topic(题目，话题)

　　Your teacher and your group members may help you choose a topic sometimes．We suggest that you try if possible to choose or make up a topic that is interesting to you because it will be easier for you to write about something you are interested in．

　　Getting Started

　　Once you have chosen a topic, you have to get started writing．Getting started is the hardest part of writing for most people．However, there are ways of making this job easier, and we would like to introduce you some of these techniques(技巧)at this time．

　　Brainstorming helps you get ideas for your writing．Here is how to do it．First, take a pen and piece of paper and write down your topic on it．Read your topic over a few times to yourself．Then let your mind go freely．And then write down any ideas that come to your mind．Now let’s suppose your topic is blue jeans．Please do as suggested．

　　blue jeans　　youth/young people　　clothing

　　freedom　　comfortable　　enjoyable

　　Listing is useful for exploring something where you are trying to look at two sides of a subject, the advantages(good points)and disadvantages(bad points)of something, reasons for doing and not doing something．

　　Another useful technique is mapping．You start by writing your topic in the center of your page in a box．And then as you brainstorm for ideas, you write your ideas around the topic．As you write one idea down, you may think of another idea related to(与……有关的)it, so you could write this second idea close to the first one．Mapping can be useful for helping you see relationship between ideas and also showing important events in relation to each other．Here are two examples of mapping．

　　Another way to get started and to explore your ideas on a topic is to do some free－writing at the beginning．You can do free－writing after or in place of brainstorming．You write for 10～15 minutes about your topic．You should write anything that comes into your mind．Keep on writing even if nothing comes into your mind．When you free－write, don’t think about grammar, spelling, or punctuation(标点)．Just write!And don’t stop writing until your time is up．After you finish, read over what you have written．Draw a line under anything that seems interesting to you．You can free－write again beginning with the part you underlined．You can free－write several times．Each time you bring your ideas more and more closely to your topic．

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