Sociologists have long recognized that organizations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.
One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organizations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.
The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.
It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.
68．What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?
A．An organization of less than 200 individuals.
B．An organization of more than 200 individuals.
C．An organization of less than 150 individuals.
D．An organization of more than 150 individuals.
69．We can solve the communication problem within a large organization by .
A．allowing free flow of information
B．maintaining a formal structure of relationships
C．structuring larger organizations into smaller units
D．structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationship
70．After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation .
A．seemed to be more difficult B．seemed to be more satisfying
C．seemed to be more successful D．seemed to be more effective
71．What can b e concluded from the last paragraph?
A．It’s unwise to do away with the coffee room when designing a new office building.
B．The coffee room is the most important place in an office building.
C．Useful information was formally being exchanged over their sandwiches in the coffee room.
D．The coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury.
暑假作业暑假快乐练西安出版社系列答案科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in．The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs．Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom(生育高峰)generation, a longer life span means that the nation's elderly population will expand greatly over the next 50 years．By 2050,25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65,up from 14 percent in 1995．The change sets questions for government and society, of course．But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well．“In addition to the doctors, we're going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers,” says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California's (USC) School of Gerontology(老年学)．
Lawyers can specialize in“elder law”, which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse(虐待) and age discrimination(歧视)．Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers,74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history．“Any students who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money, ”one professor says．
Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC．She began college as a biology major but found she was “really bored with bacteria．” So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it．She says,“I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying．”
“．．．Old is suddenly in”(Line 1, Para．1) most probably means “_______”．
A．America has suddenly become a nation of old people
B．gerontology has suddenly become popular
C．more elderly professors are found on American campuses
D．American colleges have been full of old students
Why can businessmen make money in the growing elder market?
A．Retirees are more willing to spend money．
B．They can employ more gerontologists．
C．The elderly have a great purchasing power(购买力)．
D．There are more elderly people working than before．
Who can make big money m the new century according to the passage?
A．Retirees who are willing to spend money．
B．The volunteer workers in retirement homes．
C．College graduates with an MBA or law degree．
D．Professionals(专业人员)with a good knowledge of gerontology．
It can be seen from the passage that the increase of America's elderly population_______．
A．will provide good job opportunities in many areas
B．will be just an unbearable burden on society
C．may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination
D．will create more students in universities
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试英语（陕西卷解析版） 题型：阅读理解
According to sociologists(社会学家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层). Class, power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning ＄500,000 a year and a bus driver earning ＄50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class.
To our knowledge, there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S. Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
1.What can we learn about “the middle class” from Paragraph 2?
A．People earning ＄50,000 a year belong to the middle class.
B．Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class.
C．People generally consider bus drivers as the middle class.
D．Sociologists have a clear definition of the middle class.
2.According to the text, we know that _____.
A．power and class do not always correspond with each other
B．status refers to a person’s economic position in society
C．people with high status have a lot of control over others
D．class is less important in deciding a person’s social rank
3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
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科目：高中英语 来源：2011-2012学年陕西省高三适应性考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Research by sociologists Scott Coltrance Michele Adams looked at national survey data and found that when men increase their share of housework and childcare, their children are happier, healthier and do better at school．What’s more, when school-aged children do housework with their fathers, they get along better with their peers and have more friends．And they show more positive behaviors than if they do the same work with their mothers．“Because fewer men do housework than women,” said Adams, “when they share the work，it has more influence on children．” Fathers model “co-operative family partnerships”．
When men share housework and childcare, it turns out, their partners are happier．Wives of egalitarian（主张人人平等的）husbands, regardless of class, report the highest levels of marital（婚姻的）satisfaction and lowest rates of depression，and are less likely to see therapists（治疗专家）．They are also more likely to stay fit, since they probably have more time on their hands．
And the benefits for men are even greater．Men who share housework and childcare are healthier--physically and psychologically．They smoke less, drink less, and take recreational drugs less often．They are more likely to stay in shape and more likely to go to doctors for routine screenings, but less likely to use emergency rooms or miss work due to illness．
In both Europe and the United States，Dad is becoming the “fun parent”．He takes the kids to the park and plays soccer with the kids; she stays home．“What a great time we had with Dad!” the kids announce as they burst through the kitchen door to a lunch mum prepared．
1.We can infer from the first paragraph that ．
A．fathers usually have greater influence on their children
B．it's better for school-aged children to do housework with their mothers
C．few boys would like to do housework
D．children benefit more from doing housework with their fathers
2.Which of the following is NOT true of a woman whose husband shares housework?
A．She enjoys a high level of satisfaction at home．
B．She is less likely to develop depression．
C．She will have more free time．
D．She is more likely to gain weight．
3.Men who share housework and childcare ．
A．benefit physically more than psychologically
B．will take the place of women
C．are less likely to develop bad habits
D．don’t perform well at work
4.The passage is mainly about ．
A．the new pattern of family relations in Europe and the US
B．the benefits of men’s participation in housework and childcare
C．the problems of men’s participation in childcare
D．the important role husbands play in the family
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科目：高中英语 来源：20102011黑龙江大庆中学高一下学期期中英语试题 题型：阅读理解
In this century the traditional American family is constantly faced with the threat of breakdown. Some sociologists suggest that one little-noticed cause may be the introduction of the TV dinner.
Before the appearance of television sets, the American dinner was a big event for the family. In many homes, dinner time may be the only time when everyone got together. A typical dinner was usually in three stages. In the preparation stage, the children and Father frequently helped with setting while Mother put the last touches on the roast. In the eating stage, family members shared the day’s experiences and more than food was eaten. In this stage families got to know one another and made joint decisions around the dinner table, and thus the family unit was strengthened. In the cleaning-up stage, children or Father again gave their hands, so that their importance to the home community was clear. Unfortunately, all of these have been removed by a product-the television set.
By the beginning of the 1980s, the typical American family dinner was just twenty minutes long. The speed-up of the once-leisurely experiences is clearly connected to the pace of modern life and maybe a model of the modern life is the TV dinners-meals designed to be eaten from the beginning to the end of a half-hour program. The once family affair has now become nothing more than the use of a fork and knife.
1.
The underlined word in the second paragraph can be replaced by
|
A．big |
B．important |
C．combined |
D．separate |
2.
In the past, Americans tended to .
|
A．spend more time eating their food at dinner table |
B．eat more food than they have today |
|
C．spend more time talking about their day’s experiences at dinner table |
|
|
D．talk so much that they forgot to eat |
3.
The shortening of the dinner time in America is related to .
|
A．The TV programs |
B．the pace of modern life |
|
C．the wide use of electrical equipment |
D．the popularity of fast food |
4.
. The best title for this passage might be
|
A．Talk at Dinner Table |
B．TV Dinner |
C．Pace of Modern Life |
D．Problems Caused by TV |
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科目：高中英语 来源：0910学年黑龙江省高一上学期第二模块测试英语试卷 题型：阅读理解
In this century the traditional American family is constantly faced with the threat of breakdown. Some sociologists suggest that one little-noticed cause may be the introduction of the TV dinner.
Before the appearance of television sets, the American dinner was a big event for the family. In many homes, dinner time may be the only time when everyone got together. A typical dinner was usually in three stages. In the preparation stage, the children and Father frequently helped with setting while Mother put the last touches on the roast. In the eating stage, family members shared the day's experiences and more than food was eaten. In this stage families got to know one another and made joint decisions around the dinner table, and thus the family unit was strengthened. In the cleaning-up stage, children or Father again gave their hands, so that their importance to the home community was clear. Unfortunately, all of these have been removed by a product---the television set.
By the beginning of the 1980s, the typical American family dinner was just twenty minutes long. The speed-up of the once-leisurely experiences is clearly connected to the pace of modern life and maybe a model of the modern life is the TV dinners --- meals designed to be eaten from the beginning to the end of a half-hour program. The once family affair has now become nothing more than the use of a fork and knife.
64. The underlined word in the second paragraph can be replaced by ____.
A. big B. important C. combined D. separate
65. In the past, Americans tended to ____.
A. spend more time eating their food at dinner table
B. eat more food than they have today
C. spend more time talking about their day's experiences at dinner table
D. talk so much that they forgot to eat
66. The shortening of the dinner time in America is related to ____.
A. the TV programs B. the pace of modern life
C. the wide use of electrical equipment D. the popularity of fast food
67. The best title for this passage might be ____.
A. Talk at Dinner Table B. TV Dinner
C. Pace of Modern Life D. Problems Caused by TV
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