Winston Churchill was born into a famous family．His father was a successful politician．However, as a boy, Churchill was considered a slow learner in school．Later he entered the Army and saw action in various countries．
In October 1900, Churchill began his political career．For the next sixty years Churchill’s work as a great politician was both brighter and more difficult than his father’s had been．In 1939 German attacked Poland．Churchill prepared to fight．In 1940 he became the Prime Minister of English．
France fell．The Germans fought their way through Western Europe．It looked as if Britain was about to lose the war．Was it now possible to ask for peace, and listen to Hitler?
Churchill spoke: “I have nothing to offer but blood, hard work , tears and sweat… You ask what is our policy? I will tell you, it is to fight, by sea , by land and air, with all our force and with all the strength that God can give us．You ask what is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory．”
The Germans began moving their armies to the French coast and prepared to go to war with British．The British had not enough guns to go around．Churchill gave the answer: “ We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be．We shall fight on the coast ; we shall fight on the landing grounds; we shall fight in the fields and in the streets; we shall fight in the hills; we shall never give up．”
By his courage and hard work, Churchill heartened his people and other nations fighting together against Hitler．Victory finally came when the Germans lost World War II．
Churchill died in 1965 and was given a state funeral．This was a fitting payment to one of all the greatest men the world had ever seen．
1.Churchill ______ before he became a politician．
A．was a slow student B．was an army man
C．helped his father in his career D．had little interest in politics
2.The Germans attacked British _______．
A．after France was defeated B．before France fell
C．soon after Poland was attacked D．before Churchill became the Prime Minister
3.The underlined word “heartened” probably means ______ in this passage．
A．surprised B．encouraged C．asked for D．called for
4.Which of the following is NOT true?
A．Churchill had worked as a politician for more than sixty years．
B．The writer admired and respected Churchill very much．
C．Churchill was not so clever as his father．
D．Churchill was one of the most inspiring, brave and wise leaders in the British history．
1.B
2.A
3.B
4.C
【解析】
试题分析：本文主要讲述了英国著名首相丘吉尔的一生的主要故事。
1.B 细节题。根据文章1,2段．Later he entered the Army and saw action in various countries．
In October 1900, Churchill began his political career可知他是先参军，如何才从政，故B正确。
2.A 推理题。根据文章第三段France fell．The Germans fought their way through Western Europe．It looked as if Britain was about to lose the war．可知德国是在打败法国以后才准备进攻英国，故A正确。
3.B 推理题。根据本段 By his courage and hard work, Churchill heartened his people and other nations fighting together against Hitler．Victory finally came when the Germans lost World War II．可知他是在鼓励他的国民为了胜利而斗争，故该词是指鼓励的意思，故B正确。
4.C 细节题。根据第二段1,2行 In October 1900, Churchill began his political career．For the next sixty years Churchill’s work as a great politician was both brighter and more difficult than his father’s had been可知他做政客的表现比他爸爸的预料要更好，说明C项说法是错误的。
考点：考察人物传记类短文阅读
点评：本文主要讲述了英国著名首相丘吉尔的一生的主要故事。本文细节题居多，答题时在文章找到对应的地方，用笔进行标记，这有利于后期有时间检查时可以立刻找到答案的位置。仔细理解作者所讲的意思，再结合选项，通过排除法和自己对全文的把握，选出正确答案。
科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses．This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which was named after Catherine Kitty Genovese, a．young woman who was murdered on March 13, 1964．Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work．As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley．Despite Genovese]s repeated cries for help , none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called the police for help ．The attach first began at 3:20 , but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted the police．
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect．First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion（分散）of responsibility．Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present．
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways．When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation, is ambiguous^ R^E^?）．In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnessing reported that they believed that they were witnessing a " lovers' quarrel" , and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
The passage seems to suggest that Genovese might not have been murdered if there had been_____．
A．no observer B．fewer observers
C．more observers ． D．younger observers
Genovese was murdered .
A．while she was going out B．in her apartment
C．halfway home D．in front of her apartment ?
The underlined word "this" in the last paragraph probably refers to ____．
A．not doing anything to help B．behaving in correct ways
C．taking action D．murdering
We can learn from the passage that Genovese's neighbors didn't lend a hand partly because they ____．
A．were afraid of being attacked by the murderer
B．thought someone else might come to her rescue．
C．didn't get along well with her
D．were sure it was murdering
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When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses． This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964． Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work． As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed （刺） by a man later identified as Winston Moseley． Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help． The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans． As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments．
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect． First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility． Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present． The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways． When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．
Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous． In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
【小题1】The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because a woman surnamed Genovese．
| A．it somehow caused the murder of |
| B．its discovery resulted from the murder of |
| C．it was actually discovered by |
| D．it always makes people think of |
| A．while she was going out | B．in her apartment |
| C．halfway home | D．near her apartment |
| A．They believed in the bystander effect． |
| B．They thought someone else might help her． |
| C．They didn't think they should help． |
| D．They didn't think she needed help． |
| A．wait for sort of a signal |
| B．hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt |
| C．want to be sure it's appropriate to react |
| D．wonder if the victim is worth helping |
| A．no | B．fewer | C．more | D．braver |
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III.阅读理解(20×2)
When Sir Winston Churchill , the great British prime minister, reached his eightieth birthday in November 1954, he was presented with his portrait by a well-known modern artist, Granham Sutherland. The painting had been ordered and paid by the members of Parliament(国会)， who wanted to honor the Grand Man of World war II.
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A.a we
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A. dishonest B. joking C. praising the portrait D. not been straight
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A . As soon as it happened B.After Churchill died in 1965
C. Soon after Lady Churchill’s death D. Not until recently
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A. People of the artistic community were all very sad.
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Churchill's full name was Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. He was born in 1874. He was educated at Harrow School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
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【小题1】Before World War I, Churchill worked for his country as ____.
| A．headmaster of Harrow School | B．a leader of the Britain Navy |
| C．a leader of the Conservative Party | D．Prime Minister of Britain |
| A．One. | B．Two. | C．Three. | D．Four. |
| A．In 1938 Churchill left the parliament. |
| B．Churchill's closest friends were against his attitude toward war. |
| C．Churchill's closest friends always inspired him to seek higher office. |
| D．Churchill and his closet friends served in the army before World War II. |
| A．Churchill gave up as Prime Minister in 1955 |
| B．Churchill once became a soldier, fighting in France |
| C．Churchill's speeches encouraged the British people to keep on fighting |
| D．Churchill led his army to fight bravely and defeated the enemy in World War I |
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“Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Winston Churhill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organization decision making. For years March( possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.
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Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher. March is also a poet, and his gift shines though in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding；Don’t pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.
1.
According to the text, James March is ____________.
A. a poet who uses experience in his writing
B. a teacher who teachers story writing in university
C. a researcher who studies the way humans think and act
D. a professor who helps organizations make important decisions
2.
According to James March, experience ______________.
A. is overvalued B. is easy to explain
C. should be actively sought
3.
What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A. Experience makes stories more accurate.
B. Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.
C. The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.
D. Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.
4.
What’s the purpose of this text?
A. To introduce a book. B. To describe a researcher.
C. To explain experiential learning. D. To discuss organizational decision making.
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