12．Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior．
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards．Researchers at Harvard University in the United States did the study．They had about 200 college students play a game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma．The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group．
The students played in groups of four．Each player could win points for the group，so they would all gain equally．But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players，at a cost to the punisher．
Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation．The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least．
And the more a group punished itself，the lower its earnings．The group with the most punishment earned 25% less than the group with the least punishment．
The other study involved children．Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups．More than 800 children were ages two to four the first time they were tested．More than 700 children were ages five to nine．
The two groups were retested four years later，and the study compared the results with the first test．Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not．
The study says the IQs-or intelligence quotients-of the younger children who were not spanked（掴）were five points higher than those who were．In the older group，the difference was almost three points．
Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire has written extensively about physical punishment of children．He says the more they are spanked，the slower their mental development．He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common．
67．Which of the following is True about the game mentioned in the first paragraph？C
A．Prisoners are more interested in the first game than the university students．
B．The game is very popular with the students in Harvard University in the United States．
C．The game is played to test whether people are more cooperative on the basis of rewards．
D．The game is played in order to encourage the students to cooperate．
68．The underlined part in the third paragraph means the punisher will have toB．
A．lose some of his money
B．lose some of the points
C．lose all the points of the group
D．gain the points of the punished
69．What does the result of the first experiment imply？A
A．Rewards encourage better cooperation than punishments．
B．Individual interests are always a challenge to the group．
C．Four members will work better in one group．
D．The group that punished most gained nothing eventually．
70．What do we know about the second experiment in the passage？A
A．The whole experiment，including two tests，lasted four years．
B．Physical punishment was employed only in the younger group．
C．Children in both groups have acquired same IQ development．
D．No physical punishment was used in the younger group．
分析 文章主要介绍了两项研究的过程和研究成果．近期的两项研究显示，惩罚不是影响行为的最好方法．其中一项研究显示，成年人在一个基于奖励的机制中更具合作性．另一项研究表明，惩罚不利于孩子心智的发展．
解答 67-70．CBAA
67题答案：C考查细节推理，根据第二段的One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards．一项研究显示，成年人在一个基于奖励的机制中更具合作性．由此可知该游戏的目的是为了测试在奖励机制下人们是否会更加合作，故本题答案为C选项．
68题答案：B考查细节推理，结合文章第三段的Each player could win points for the group，so they would all gain equally．每位选手都能为小组赢得分数，这样他们的分数都是一样的．可知后面的划线部分"惩罚者要付出一定代价"可知这里的代价指的是"惩罚者会因为惩罚他人而失去一些分数"，故本题答案为B选项．
69题答案：A考查细节推理，第一个实验的结果表明：奖励最多的组比奖励最少的组得分高两倍，惩罚最多的组比惩罚最少的组得分少25%．由此可知奖励机制比惩罚机制更有助于激发合作，故本题答案为A选项．
70题答案：A考查细节推理，根据文章倒数第三段的The two groups were retested four years later．（四年后这两组又进行了再测试）可知包含两次测试在内的试验持续了四年，故本题答案为A选项．
点评 本文是一篇科教类阅读，题目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对 性找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案．推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案．
