13．Two recent studies might end the great grocery bag debate．The debates over which type of grocery bag is best break down into two issues：which are better for the environment，and which are better for your health．
The first study focused on the question of cloth bag contamination（传染）．It's well-known that supermarkets offer many opportunities for people to pick up contaminated food：other shoppers contaminate shopping carts，and stockroom clerks contaminate containers．When shoppers put such things into cloth bags，they can contaminate the bag，and then   wind up contaminating uncontaminated foods on their next shopping trip．Large numbers of bacteria were found in almost all bags．
Washing the bags might help，but researchers found that"reusable bags are seldom washed and often used for different purposes"．
The second study should end the"use reusable grocery bags"argument．In the study，researchers evaluated（评估）the bags on a set of environmental standards，including global warming potential．The table below shows how many times that non-HDPE bags must be used in order to bring their global warming potential down to that of an HDPE bag．The first column，for example，shows that a paper bag should be reused three times to reduce its global warming potential to that of an HDPE bag，while you have to use an LDPE bag four times，a non-woven PP bag 11times，and a cotton bag up to 131times to achieve the same end．

Type of carrier	HDPE bag （No secondary reuse）	HDPE bag （40.3% reused as rubbish bags）	HDPE bag （100% reused as rubbish bags）	HDPE bag （Used three times）
Paper bag	3	4	7	9
LDPE bag	4	=5	9	12
Non-woven PP bag	11	14	26	33
Cotton bag	131	173	327	393

So the conclusion seems clear：the traditional，thin plastic bag has better environmental performance and is likely to be quite safer for human health．

72．The researchers in both studies might agree thatC．
A．we should reuse our grocery bags as much as possible
B．cotton bags are environment-friendly when they are reused
C．plastic bags are good for the environment and our health
D．grocery bags，if washed，can reduce global warming potential
73．The underlined phrase"wind up"in Paragraph 2probably meansB．
A．give up    B．end up     C．pick up    D．take up
74．What's the problem with cloth bags according to the first study？A
A．They are easily contaminated when reused．
B．They produce large numbers of bacteria．
C．They are poisonous and can pollute foods．
D．They need washing before being reused．
75．We know from the chart that in terms of reducing the global warming potential，A．
A．if an HDPE bag is used three times，a cotton bag should be used 393times
B．the more times HDPE bags are reused，the greater their global warming potential is
C．LDPE bags，when reused 9times，have a better effect than cotton bags reused 131times
D．non-woven PP bags，though reused 33times，work worse than paper bags reused 7times．

12．Many people have low iron in their blood．But pregnant women need extra iron for their own health and their baby's health．Iron is important to the development of a baby's brain and central nervous system．
In poor countries，however，providing all pregnant women with iron supplements （补品 ） can be a financial issue．Some experts say giving supplements to babies after they are born is enough．
Someone who disagrees is Parul Christian，a nutritionist at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Maryland．She and other scientists have been doing research in Nepal．She says their latest findings should settle any question about the value of making sure every pregnant woman receivesiron supplements．
Iron is a micronutrient （微营养素）．Micronutrients are important substances that are found in small amounts in foods．
The researchers first completed a study among poor women in Nepal ten years ago．During pregnancy some of the women received supplements containing iron and another micronutrient，folic acid．
Professor Christian says that study showed the supplements could improve child survival．
Now the children are older．The researchers returned to Nepal and tested their neurological （神经的）development．They found improved intellectual（智力的） and fine motor abilities among those whose mothers had received iron and folic acid during pregnancy and for three months after．
The findings appear in the Journal of the American Medical Association．
Another new study，published in the journal Pediatrics，looks at levels of vitamin D in babies．It says newborns with the lowest levels were twice as likely to develop respiratory infections（呼吸道感染） as those with normal levels of vitamin D．
Vitamin D helps build strong bones and strengthens the body's defenses against disease．The vitamin is commonly added to cow's milk and also found in supplements．But vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin．The body naturally produces it from sunlight．
Carlos Camargo from Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts and other researchers did the study．It followed more than nine hundred children in New Zealand until they were five years old．

71．The passage is intended to tell us thatB．
A．iron is as important as Vitamin D to people's health
B．iron and Vitamin D may lead to smarter，healthier children
C．pregnant women need much more iron and Vitamin D
D．in poor countries babies are lacking iron and Vitamin D
72．When expecting a baby，a woman doesn't necessarily receive some extraC．
A．iron            B．folic acid      C．vitamin D      D．supplements
73．It can be learnt from the passage thatD．
A．providing all pregnant women with extra iron may be difficult for all countries
B．plenty of micronutrients can be found in foods that you eat in your daily life
C．all the vitamins that you need to keep healthy can be received from the sunlight
D．it's more possible for babies lacking vitamin D to suffer from respiratory infections
74．The underlined words in Paragraph 5refer toA．
A．a micronutrient    B．a food         C．a metal        D．a medicine
75．The passage might be followed by a paragraph aboutC．
A．how the researchers did the study    B．how important the study was
C．what the researchers found           D．what problems the researchers faced．

11．What is the single largest cause of sick leave in the UK？The answer is not the common cold or flu，but back pain．Back pain affects one in three British adults，cost the country over￡5 billion every year and is obviously difficult to treat．
But now Britain's National Health Service （NHS） will be offering a new solution：acupuncture （针灸法）．
The ancient Chinese needle therapy has been around in the UK for many years，but for the first time it has been officially supported by the NHS'advisory body，the National Institute for Clinic Excellence （NICE）．
Traditionally，doctors in the UK have advised back pain sufferers to stay active，do stretching exercises and take painkillers when necessary．In more serious cases some people are given X-rays treatment or injections with therapeutic substances．
NICE，however，says there is evidence that acupuncture may be more effective than expensive X-rays or injections，to patients who have been suffering for over six weeks should be given acupuncture treatments．
As an alternative to acupuncture，patients will be able to choose either a course of spinal manipulation （脊柱推拿） or a series of special sessions．
In the UK，acupuncture is classified as a complementary （辅助的） therapy，which is the term given to a medical procedure which hasn't been subjected to the strict trials by which scientists prove some treatment work．
While many experts have welcomed the move to make acupuncture available on the NHS，some are still skeptical about its effectiveness．
Research from the US earlier this month found that simulated acupuncture using toothpicks which do not pierce the skin could be as good as using real needles．
So while some are yet to be convinced，back pain sufferers will be hoping that acupuncture helps them feel healthy and mobile again．Employers，on the other hand，will be hoping it gets them back to work．
64．What can be the best title for the passage？A
A．Acupuncture m the UK
B．The largest cause of sick leave．
C．The ancient Chinese medicine
D．Different ways to treat back pain．
65．According to NICE，which of the following ways is more effective to treat back pain？B
A．To take painkillers                                                 
B．To use the Chinese needle therapy
C．To take X-ray treatment or injections
D．To stay active and do stretching exercises
66．Which of the following statements about acupuncture is TRUE？C
A．Doctors can use needles or toothpicks to perform acupuncture．
B．Patients taking acupuncture have to take a course of spinal manipulation．
C．Patients suffering back pain for a long time are more advised to use acupuncture．
D．Acupuncture costs less money and has lower effects than X-rays or injections
67．Why is acupuncture classified as a complementary therapy in the UK？D
A．It is not strict in the treatment
B．Some British don't have trust in it
C．The main British treatment is very effective
D．Its medical procedure hasn't been strictly tested scientifically．

10．Mental and health experts believe personality plays an important part in how we experience　stress．Personality is the way a person acts，feels and thinks．
Some people are aggressive and always in a hurry．They often become angry when things do　not happen the way they planned．They are called"Type A"personalities．Studies suggest that　these people often get stress-related disorders．The"Type B"personality is calmer．These people　are able to deal with all kinds of situations more easily．As a result，they are less affected by　stress．
Studies have also shown that men and women deal with stress differently．Women seem to be　better able to deal with stress than men are．However，experts say women are three times more　likely to develop depression in reaction to the stress in their lives．American writer John Gray　became famous for his book，"Men are from Mars，Women are from Venus．"He notes that men　and women have opposite ways of dealing with stress．For a man，the best way is to rest and forget　about daily problems．But a woman suffering from stress needs to talk about her problems．
Experts say there are several ways to deal with stress，including deep breathing，exercise，eating healthy foods，getting enough rest and balancing the time spent in working and playing．Exercise is one of the most effective stress-reduction measures，as physical changes from exercise　make you feel better．In addition，exercise can also improve the body's defense system against　disease．
Keeping stress to yourself can make problems worse．Experts say that expressing emotions to　friends or family members or writing down your feelings can help reduce stress．And they also　suggest that people should attempt to accept or change stressful situations whenever possible．
64．According to the experts，A．
A．people respond to stress quite differently
B．people make the same response to stress
C．unlike women，men tend to feel depressed more easily．
D．personality has nothing Io do with how we experience stress
65．Compared with"Type A"personalities，"Type B"personalitiesD．
A．cause more troubles
B．are less able to cope with different situations
C．are more easily affected by stress
D．tend to solve problems more peacefully
66．By saying"Men are from Mars，Women are from Venus"，John Gray means that theyB
A．experience emotions in a different way
B．cope with stress in a different way
C．suffer from stress in the similar way
D．develop stress in the opposite way
67．If you want to reduce your stress，you canA
A．take some exercise
B．keep it to yourself
C．remain silent
D．ignore the stressful situation．

9．In 1986，when Carlo Petrini first coined the term"Slow Food，"he organized locally in his　native Italy to preserve the food and wine culture and protest fast food．
Today，slow food has spread to 132 countries with over 85，000 members，addressing　worldwide issues like farmer equity and environmental stewardship-the actions people take to　respect the rights of all living things and all environments，to contribute to healthy and livable　communities．
Characterized by Slow Food International as"good，clean，and fair food，"slow food must　enrich the eaters life，have no negative impact on human or environmental health，and compensate　fairly for food producers'work．
The average American meal travels about 1500 miles to its final destination，with producing of　food traveling by plane from overseas and other items shipped across the country
However，cost for food travel and heavy processing are not the only problems in the food　industry that the environment faces．Industrial agriculture also has unsustainable practices like　inefficient water use and decreased biodiversity．Our ideas in feeding ourselves are exceptional，but at various points our technologies come into conflict with nature^ways of doing things．A great　many of the health and environmental problems created by our food system owe to our attempts to　oversimplify natures complexities，at both the growing and the eating ends of our food chain．
‘Slowing"food，by purchasing locally and sustainably，allows consumers to reduce the　impact of"food miles"and develop a closer relationship with their food producers．"We need to　change our food system，"said David Prior，organizer of Slow Food Nation奂 Eat-In．"Our current　food system is sick and we need to support farmers and agriculture to ensure that everyone has the　right to nutritious food．"
60．The main idea of the passage can be summarized asA
A．why slow food is so important
B．the food and wine culture is rich in Italy
C．what you re eating always travels a long way
D．slow food makes the current food system sick
61．According Io the second paragraph，environmental stewardship refers toD．
A．measures of environmental protections
B．ways to establish healthy and livable communities
C．peoples admiration for all the creatures on the earth
D．actions to protect the rights of all living things and environment
62．Slow foods characteristic doesn't lie inD．
A．improving the quality of eaters life
B．providing a fair pay for food workers
C．being friendly to human and environmental health
D．developing a loose relationship with food producers
63．What is David Priors attitude towards current food system？B
A．Suspicious　　　B．Unsatisfied C．Indifferent D．Supportive．

8．Modern science suggests that a healthy lifestyle matters much to how long you can live and how well you live．Here are some tips for you to form a healthy lifestyle．
Keep a scientific diet．Keep in mind that sugar can be removed from our diet completely．Over intake of sugar is one of the main reasons for getting fat．Over intake of protein or fat and low intake of fiber can also lead to getting fat．We need only a few grams of protein every day to keep our body in order．Like rain to crops，not the more the better．
Be always in a good mood．There is a relationship between the mood and health．A good mood keeps you in high spirits．Thanks to the internet，we can enjoy and learn much without going out．Take a look at some online shops and pick up some bargains，enjoy music and movies and chat with some good friends．Just keep happy．
Enough sleep．Two studies show the reasons why teens and adults don't have enough sleep．With teens，a major reason is mobile phone use； with adults，it's work．Meanwhile，a third study of young children shows that a lack of sleep in early life may lead to serious problems in future．Everyone needs at least 8-hour sleep to recover from tiredness and the hurt caused by hard work in the daytime．
Proper exercise．Do exercise to keep away from fatness．Because of the quick pace of modern life，you don't have time to do exercise every day，but at least three times a week and 45minutes each time．

31．The author wrote the passage toB．
A．tell the readers how to take proper exercise every day
B．provide some advice on how to form a healthy lifestyle
C．ask people to care about their health rather than their work
D．make some surveys among those who have health problems
32．Which of the following can lead to getting fat according to the passage？D
A．low intake of protein．
B．low intake of fat．
C．over intake of fiber．
D．over intake of sugar．
33．The main reason why teenagers don't have enough sleep is that theyA．
A．use mobile phones too much
B．have too much homework
C．eat too much sugar every day
D．don't have enough exercise
34．How many minutes do you need to do exercise at least every week？D
A.45minutes．  B.90minutes．  C.115minutes．  D.135minutes．
35．What can we conclude from the passage？D
A．We must take in much sugar for our body's functioning well．
B．The Internet leads to more health problems．
C．The least sleep time needed for adults is less that that of teens．
D．We need to do many things to form a healthy lifestyle．

7．Do we need an"Ivy （常春藤） League"？
China may soon have its own"Ivy League"，with a union of top universities．
The term originally referred to an athletic conference of eight top universities in the northeastern US．The Chinese version，which was officially started in mid-October，consists of nine famous universities，including Peking，Tsinghua，Zhejiang and Fudan．The union is supposed to result in student exchange programs，recognition of academic achievements，and other joint programs．
The news of this Chinese"Ivy League"has received mixed responses from the public and press．Some negative critics have dismissed it as yet another example of the wishful copying of international practices without fully understanding them．Others say that the"Ivy League"is not necessary but that the union is a good idea，one that could promote academic development．
So what's your opinion on a Chinese"Ivy League"？Do we need one？
Yes．Ivy League or not，nine of China's best universities cooperating is a good thing．
1．These universities combining resources could create a better environment for students and for research．It could also save a lot of time and resources because it would mean fewer unnecessary investments for some of the universities．
2．Allowing students to move to or have exchanges with other universities could broaden their horizons，improve their social skills and create more employment opportunities．The results could be more important than lessons and achievements．
3．The term"Ivy League"carries a sense of academic excellence，tradition and reputation．If borrowing such a term could encourage students'and professors'mental state and improve Chinese higher education，then there's no reason not to do it．
No．Universities should do some work on increasing cooperation instead of copying an"Ivy League"model．
1．Many Chinese universities already have such cooperation with each other．If this cooperation were associated with the"Ivy League"，it would just distract （分散） attention and resources and have a negative effect．
2．These Chinese universities are all state-run and most get their funding from the government．They're quite similar to each other in many ways and more cooperation wouldn't bring about as much potential ability as between，say，public and private，or Chinese and foreign universities．
3．China should find its own way to develop world-class universities instead of by copying some foreign practices．We have our own unique conditions and foreign lessons often don't apply well here．
Do we need an"Ivy League"？

Ivy in America	It originally referred to an athletic conference of （71）eight top universities in the northeast of America．
Ivy in China	Formation	Nine famous universities
	（72）Purposes of the union	To exchange students
		To（73）recognize academic achievements
		To work on the joint programs
	（74）Responses   from the public
	Positive side		（75）Negative side
	The cooperation is good for the combination of resources and recreation of （76）a better environment．		Attention will be drawn away and （78）resources  will be distracted．
	Students will have less difficulty in finding jobs through the student exchange program．		The cooperation won't have great effect because of their （79）similarities  in running universities．
	The cooperation will （77）encourage  the students and professors mentally．		China should develop world-class universities in its （80）unique  way without copying foreign countries blindly．

6．Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are a major cause of climate change，and now a new study has confirmed that atmospheric CO₂ is also affecting the ocean chemistry and potentially harming sea life．
Montana State University scientist Robert Dore has been researching the water in the Pacific Ocean for almost two decades．
"We've been going to the same spot in the Pacific Ocean，and we try and characterize long-term change in the open ocean environment．And one of the key things that we measure is CO₂ levels．And we've been able to record this increasing quantity of atmospheric CO₂ into the ocean．"
Scientists expected that as atmospheric CO₂ increased，more and more of the carbon dioxide would be absorbed into the ocean，affecting the chemical balance of the sea water，with a potentially harmful impact on shellfish and coral in particular．
"As carbon dioxide dissolves in the water，or seawater in this case，it forms a weak acid（酸），carbonic acid，"Dore explains．"And therefore，as the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere goes up and that exchanges with the surface seawater，it drives the pH down，and makes it more acidic．"
The seawater Dore and his colleagues have analyzed confirms what the theory predicts．
The effect was particular striking at about 250meters down，and again at 500meters．Dore and his colleagues came up with two possible explanations．It could be that surface water picked up CO2and then moved to those depths．Or there could be a biological explanation．
"It's important to realize that the oceans are really becoming acidic．And it can have negative impacts on a whole variety of sea life from fish to coral．It's potentially catastrophic．"

72．What can be the best title of the passage？A
A．Sea Life Facing Danger         B．Climate Change Affecting Seawater
C．Oceans Becoming More Acidic    D．Scientist Researching Seawater
73．Which of the following shows the process of the impact of atmospheric CO₂ on sea life？B
a．Sea life is endangered．
b．CO₂ goes into the surface water．
c．The ocean chemistry is affected．
d．CO₂ decreases the PH and makes the seawater more acidic．
e．CO₂ levels in the atmosphere go up．
A．a→b→c→d→e  B．e→b→c→d→a  C．a→e→c→d→b  D．e→d→c→b→a
74．Scientist Robert Dore came to the conclusion based onA．
A．his research and analysis
B．the expectation of other scientists
C．some former theory
D．a major cause of climate change
75．What does the passage want to tell us most？C
A．It takes time to make a scientific study．
B．Atmospheric CO₂ is doing harm to sea life．
C．Measures should be taken to prevent the potential catastrophe．
D．Robert Dore is a committed and serious scientist．

5．Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature．He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions，sometimes deliberately，sometimes unconsciously．He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants，or with houses，factories，slag-heaps and other products of his civilization．He exterminates some species on a large scale，but favors the multiplication of others．In brief，he has done more in five thousand years to alter the biological aspect of the planet than has nature in five million．
Many of these changes which he has brought about have had unforeseen consequences．Who would have thought that the throwing away of a piece of Canadian waterweed would have caused half the waterways of Britain to be blocked for a decade，or that the provision of pot cacti for lonely settlers'wives would have led to Eastern Australian being overrun with forests of Prickly Pear？Who would have prophesied that the cutting down of forests on the Adriatic coasts，or in parts of Central Africa，could have reduced the land to a semi desert，with the very soil washed away from the bare rock？Who would have thought that improved communications would have changed history by the spreading of disease-sleeping sickness into East Africa，measles into Oceania，very possibly malaria into ancient Greece？
These are spectacular examples； but examples on a smaller scale are everywhere to be found．We make a nature sanctuary for rare birds，prescribing absolute security for all species； and we may find that some common and hardy kind of bird multiplies beyond measure and ousts the rare kinds in which we were particularly interested．We see，owing to some little change brought about by civilization，the starling spread over the English country-side in hordes．We improve the yielding capacities of our cattle； and find that now they exhaust the pastures which sufficed for less exigent stock．

31．The following examples exceptD reflect man altering the balance of nature．
A．man is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants
B．man is facilitating the spread of animals into new regions．
C．man is killing some species on a large scale
D．man is getting to know the importance of keeping the balance of nature．
32．What had a piece of Canadian waterweed cause？B
A．Eastern Australian was overrun with forests．
B．Half the waterways of Britain blocked for a decade．
C．In parts of central Africa，the land reduced to a semi desert．
D．Disease-sleeping has been caused．
33．What have spread diseases？C
A．Disease-sleeping sickness．      B．Measles．
C．Improved communications．        D．Malaria．
34．We make a nature sanctuary for rare birds butA．
A．some common and hardy kind of bird multiplies
B．rare kinds multiply
C．all bird multiply
D．no bird multiply
35．The main idea of the passage isD．
A．that man is deliberately destroying the balance of nature
B．that man has foreseen the consequences of altering the balance old nature
C．that improved communications have changed history
D．that man is altering the balance of nature．

4．From a very early age，some children exhibit better self-control than others．Now，a new study that began with about 1，000children in New Zealand has tracked how a child's low self-control can predict poor health，money troubles and even a criminal record in their adult years．
Researchers have been studying this group of children for decades now．They observed the level of self-control the youngsters displayed．Parents，teachers，even the kids themselves，scored the youngsters on measures like"acting before thinking"and"Persistence in reaching goals．"
The study led by Moffitt of Duke University and colleagues followed  1，000children from birth to age 32in Dunedin，New Zealand．
"The children who had the lowest self-control when they were age three to ten，later on had the most health problems in their 30s，"Moffitt said，"and they had the worst financial situation．They were more likely to have a criminal record and to be raising a child as a single parent on a very low income．"Moffitt explained that self-control problems were widely observed，and weren't just a feature of a small group of misbehaving kids．
Moffitt said it's still unclear why some children have better self-control than others，though she said other researchers have found that it's mostly a learned behavior，with relatively little genetic influence．But good self-control can be set to run in families because children with good self-control are more likely to grow up to be healthy and prosperous parents．But the good news，Moffitt said，is that self-control can be taught by parents，and through school curricula that have been shown to be effective．

66．From the first two paragraphs we learn thatB．
A．the research has been carried out for five years
B．self-control in kids tends to determine their future
C．self-control was assessed by children's intelligence
D．children's self-control is almost the same at early age
67．Children with low self-control are more likely toD．
A．become wealthy in later life    
B．get good school performance
C．have better financial planning  
D．adopt negative behaviors
68．According to Moffitt，D．
A．only good genetic factors can shape their lives in the future
B．scientists know well why some children have better self-control
C．self-control in childhood has nothing to do with criminal activity
D．willpower as a child really influences people's chances of adulthood
69．What can be inferred from the passage？D
A．Self-control cannot be taught in schools．
B．The study is restricted within few participants．
C．It's never too late to deal with self-control problems．
D．Good parenting can improve self-control and life success．
70．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？A
A．Child's self-control predicts future health，success
B．Kids are encouraged to take risks at an early age
C．Children's development cannot be changed by teachers
D．How to teach the kids a bit of self-control in schools．