Born to Win
Each human being is born as something unique, something that never existed before. Each person is born with what he needs to win at life. A normal person can see, hear, touch, taste, and think for himself. Each has his own unique potentials---his capabilities and limitations. Each can be an important, thinking, aware, and creatively productive person in his own right---a winner.
The words "winner" and "loser" have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who defeats the other person by dominating and making him lose. Instead a winner is one who responds honestly by being trustworthy and responsive, both as an individual and as a member of a society. A loser is one who fails to respond honestly.
A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his own knowledge. He can separate facts from opinion and doesn’t pretend to have all the answers. He listens to others, evaluates what they say, but comes to his own conclusions.
A winner is flexible. He does not have to respond in known, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it. A winner has a love for life. He enjoys work, play, food, other people, and the world of nature. Without guilt he enjoys his own accomplishments. Without envy he enjoys the accomplishments of others.
A winner cares about the world and its people. He is not separated from the general problems of society. He tries to improve the quality of life. Even in the face of national and international difficulty, he does not see himself as helpless. He does what he can to make the world a better place.
Although people are born to win, they are also born totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the change from dependence to independence, losers do not. Somewhere along the line losers begin to avoid becoming independent. This usually begins in childhood. Poor nutrition, cruelty, unhappy relationships, disease, continuing disappointments, and inadequate physical care are among the many experiences that contribute to making people losers.
A loser is held back by his low capacity to appropriately express himself through a full range of possible behavior. He may be unaware of other choices for his life if the path he chooses goes nowhere. He is afraid to try new things. He repeats not only his own mistakes and often repeats those of his family and culture.
A loser has difficulty giving and receiving love. He does not enter into close, honest, direct relationships with others. Instead, he tries to manipulate them into living up to his expectations and channels his energies into living up to their expectations.

The Nature of Stress
We are often faced with stressors that are outside of our control, from rare natural disasters to everyday traffic jams. There is a good deal of evidence that uncontrollable events are particularly stressful. This has been shown in studies of “executive rats,” in which two rats receive exactly the same electric shock, but one is given a lever（杠杆）that could be used to turn the shock off after it occurs. Over a long series of such trials, the partner rat, helpless to do anything about its pain, is more likely to develop ulcers (溃疡) than is the “executive”.
Stress is mostly caused by uncertain events. Uncertainty about an event makes it more disturbing. One study found that subjects who were told that they had a 5 percent chance of receiving an electric shock were actually more uneasy than those who were told that they had a 50 percent chance.
People make various attempts to deal with their stress---removing the cause of the stress, seeking the support of friends or reinterpreting the situation to make it seem less unpleasant. Richard Lazarus and his colleagues have made a useful distinction between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Problem-focused strategies are those aimed at doing something to change the problem causing the stress.  Emotion-focused strategies tend to regulate our distressing emotional responses.
Psychologists Susan Folkman and Richard Lazarus examined undergraduate students’ coping strategies at three time periods---two days before a midterm examination, a week later two days before the grades were announced, and five days after the grades were posted. Before the exam, students tended to use such problem-focused strategies as studying---a guaranteed way to reduce the potential problems. After the exam, when their fates were sealed, if they sought out others, it was usually for emotional support.   
Like other animals, humans have always been safer in groups. Besides physical protection, people provide emotional support that can reduce the psychological and physiological symptoms of stress. A lack of support can increase our susceptibility（敏感性） to illness. For instance, short-term loneliness is associated with a decrease in immune response（免疫应答）. In contrast, people who have strong social ties are usually more resistant to disease. For instance, after being diagnosed as having a life threatening disease, married people are likely to survive longer than unmarried people.
People may provide appraisal support, helping us to evaluate and clarify how serious a problem is. If a professor tells you that he had also failed his first college algebra exam, the consequences of your failure will seem less devastating.  Others can also provide informational support, giving advice about how to deal with the problem. Finally, friends and relatives may give us instrumental support, providing material goods or services to overcome the stress. If your father lends you some money when your car breaks down, you can stop tearing your hair out and just fix it.
Title：The Nature of Stress

小题1:_________ makes people more stressed	Events that can’t be 小题2:__________ are more stressful. Events that are小题3:________will make animals or people more stressed.
How to 小题4: _____stress	● Remove the cause of the stress. ●小题5:________to friends for help. ● Reinterpret the situation.
	Do something to change the problem that 小题6:_______ the stress.
	Regulate our distressing emotional responses.
Effects of social support	Support and protection from society make people feel less小题7:____.
	Strong social ties make people both physically and 小题8:___________ healthy.
Types of social support	Appraisal support 小题9:____________ evaluate and clarify a problem.
	Informational support gives advice on how to solve a problem.
	Instrumental support provides material goods or services to get小题10:_______ the stress.

 

A school in Nanjing plans to order Korean-style school uniforms for students, but parents were against the move, believing that the new uniforms looked too good and would encourage early romances among the students.
Parents: “My daughter was so excited about the Korean-style uniform, saying it’s her dream to wear a miniskirt to school every day,” a mom said. “My daughter also called her classmates to talk about how handsome the boys looked in the uniforms! If the students wear such beautiful uniforms, how can they concentrate on their studies?”
School: we had to stop the plan because many parents were strongly against it. Some parents thought it was just a way for the school to make money, and others thought the new uniforms would take students attention away from their studies.
Students: the students were very disappointed about the school’s final decision. They thought the sportswear uniforms made them look androgynous( 兼具两性的). They said the Korean uniforms had many advantages such as raising interest in class and lifting confidence.
As for concerns about romance, the students believe that love is love and has no relationship to the uniforms.
The Department of Education: We don’t have a unified standard for school uniforms. The schools can choose their own styles. Either sportswear or other uniforms are OK. Currently, most middle and elementary schools in Nanjing have sportswear uniforms.
Expert: Fashionable school uniforms can increase students’ interest in learning. Parents don’t need to worry too much about early romances. Today’s primary and middle school students have strong personalities and their appreciation of beauty is rapidly forming. A fashionable uniform can foster(培养) their sense of belonging to the school and reduce their resistance to the school’s management.
But we don’t have to follow Korean or Japanese styles. We should design our own Chinese style uniforms.
小题1:Why were some parents against their children wearing fashionable school uniforms？ (No more than 15 words)
小题2:Why did students dislike the sportswear uniforms?  (No more than 5 words)
小题3:What’s experts’ attitude towards fashionable school uniforms? (No more than 3 words)  
小题4:What’s the title of the passage?   (No more than 10 words)

Imagine waking up to a world where China is the world's leading superpower, astronauts are busy walking on Mars and a brand new political party is ruling the UK? Well, this could be die reality in 14 years if some of the predictions of 100,000 Britons are correct．
The survey asked the people of the UK how they pictured the world in 2025．
Nearly half believe Prince William will be crowned King of England instead of Prince Charles although one in six think the monarchy （君主制度） will have been abolished．A quarter of those surveyed believe a new party will form the government in 2025 although the same number of people think that Labor will be back in power．
On the world stage 60 per cent think China is set to become the world's leading superpower, while a third of us think Great Britain will be made up of four self- governed countries．
Meanwhile technology will have come on in leaps and bounds．Four percent are optimistic that there will be a permanent human base on Mars while one in ten expect a colony of humans to be living in space．More than half questioned in the MSN study predict people will watch all their favorite shows via TV sets hooked up to the Internet．Two - thirds believe cosmetic surgery（整容手术） will have become common place and one in six think we will look after our own health using computers rather than     .
But at least we can amuse ourselves with the daily comings and goings of pop singers and reality stars, as more than half thinks that “celebrity（明星）”will be a registered profession.
小题1:What is the main idea of the text?(less than 10 words)
小题2:According to the passage, finish the following sentence, （less than 4 words）
The majority of people questioned in the survey believed that China would play___________in the world in 14 years．
小题3:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words, （less than 6 words）
小题4:What did more than 30 percent of the people surveyed think about the UK? （less than 10 words）
小题5:What does the underlined word in the third paragraph refer to? （less than 8 words）

阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的字数要求。
(1)Confidence is one's belief in their own abilities. Confident people rationally believe they are capable of doing things well and therefore aren't afraid to do those things or even try new things. Teens who are confident grow up to have a good sense of self and become happy adults. Parents can help teen build their confidence
(2)throughout their adolescence by following these tips:
Be trustworthy. Be there when your teen needs you. Provide a safe home environment and firm but fair discipline,which is a foundation that your teen's confidence can stand on.
(3)Give your teen choices. One of the things that confidence helps teens do is making a decision, You can_____by offering them choices as often as possible. Learn more about decision-making and teens. Besides, model a positive attitude by handling everyday decisions with confidence.
(4)Become your teen's biggest fan, whether it is in sports, your teen's other interests or in school, Do not use criticism when talking to your teen --- even if it is just sarcasm. it hurts more than helps and can place wedge between you and your teen, depleting their confidence.
(5)Allow your teen to fail, do not fix their problems for them. If they need you to help talk the problem through, ask open ended questions so that they come to their own conclusions. Meanwhile, praise your tens when praise is due We know that too much praise is not good either, but due praise is necessary for your teen's self-confidence.
(6)Spend time with your teen enjoying something they like to do, This is always a good time  to sit back and marvel at what a wonderful person they are becoming.
小题1:What is the main idea of the passage?
______________________________________________________________________________
小题2:Fill in the missing word in the third paragraph. (No more than 8 words)
______________________________________________________________________________
小题3: List three things that parents can do to make up their teens confidence
(l)___________(2)_____________(3)________________
小题4:Translate the underlined sentence in the second paragraph into Chinese.
______________________________________________________________________________
小题5:Is confidence important to teens?Why
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[1] Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They will spoil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong thing. The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets(发泄) that are acceptable in the home environment.
[2] One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train (驯服) it. Obedience training doesn't solve all behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.
[3] Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple request of “come here, sit,” it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is not necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack (群) by using extreme steps. You can
teach your dog its subordinate (从属的) role by teaching it to show obedience to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge.
[4] Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than ______
小题1:What’s the main idea of the passage (no more than 8 words)
____________________________________________________
小题2:Complete the following statement with words from Paragraph 2 . (no more than 3 words)
_____________________ is essential to the dogs though it can't solve all behavior problems.
小题3:Fill in the blanks in paragraph 4 with proper words (no more than 4 words)
____________________________________________________
小题4:Point out at least 4 benefits of training dogs in Para.4 . (no more than 4 words)
____________________________________________________
小题5:What does the word “it ”(Line 1 , Paragraph 4) refer to ? (no more than 2 words) ?
____________________________________________________

I have a friend named John Roberts who owns a horse ranch （牧马场）in San Ysidro.　　The last time I was there he shared a story with me. “It is a story about a young man who was the son of an itinerant horse trainer. When he was a senior，he was asked to write a paper about what he wanted to be and do when he grew up.”
That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his goal of someday owning a horse ranch. He wrote about his dream in great detail and he even drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch， showing the location of all the buildings，the stables and the track.　　
“The next day he handed it in to his teacher. Two days later he received his paper back. On the front page was a large red F with a note that read, ‘See me after class.’”
　　“The boy went to see the teacher after class and asked, ‘Why did I receive an F？’”
　　“The teacher said, ‘This is an unrealistic dream for a young boy like you. You have no money. You come from an itinerant family. You have no resources. Owning a horse ranch requires a lot of money. You have to buy the land. You have to pay for the original breeding stock and later you’ll have to pay large stud fees. There‘s no way you could ever do it.’ Then the teacher added， ‘If you will rewrite this paper with a more realistic goal, I will reconsider your grade.’”
　　“The boy went home and asked his father what he should do. His father said, ‘Look, son， you have to make up your own mind on this. However, I think it is a very important decision for you.’”
　　“Finally，after sitting with it for a week, the boy turned in the same paper, making no changes at all. He stated, ‘You can keep the F and I’ll keep my dream.‘”
　　John continued, “I tell you this story because you are sitting in the middle of my 200-acre horse ranch. I still have that school paper framed over the fireplace.” He added, “If I had changed my paper at that time, maybe we would not have the chance to be here talking about the dreams .”
小题1:What was the boy’s goal described in his seven-page paper? (No more than 6 words)
小题2:Why did the teacher give him a F”?                    (No more than 14 words)
小题3:How did John’s father respond to his son’s puzzlement?    (No more than10 words)
小题4:What can we learn from the article?                    (No more than 8 words.)

[1]While the Amazon may seem far away, we are all closely connected to it through our actions. Now there are largely the results of great demand for forest products and agriculture land, which makes its plant and animal species in danger. Fortunately, we can help save the Amazon rainforest by making the right choices in our daily lives. By being smart consumers, we can make a difference and help reduce human pressures on the forests and rivers.
[2]Look for forest products that you don’t need to destroy forests to get. We can choose many rainforest products like Brazil nuts and coffee, which can be got without destroying forests. And at the same time the money you provide can help local people to _______________.
[3]Recycle everything possible. Such items as batteries, cloth, glass, paper in our daily life can be recycled with different techniques. For example, the collected glass pieces are taken to a glass recycling factory where they are made into new glass bottles through a series of processing.
[4]Buy the right pets. Many wild animals are illegally caught in the Amazon and sold as pets and large numbers of these animals die in the process. It’s important to ask where the animal comes from and to require a store to give you proof when you decide to buy a pet.
[5]Carefully select the appliances(家用电器) in your home. For example, order low-flow shower heads (喷头), which can reduce your use of hot water and use of energy to heat the water. So it’s wise to select the appliances which can save energy.
[6]Turn off appliances that you are not using and take the plug off them. Switch off TVs, computers, lights, etc. even when they are not being used and make sure the plug off the switch of some appliances that use electricity including TVs, video and audio systems, computers.
小题1:What is the main idea of the text ? (no more than 8 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
小题2:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 4 words)
And at the same time the money you provide can help local people to ________________________
小题3:List two threats to the wildlife in Amazon.(no more than 5 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
小题4:What’s the purpose of choosing the appliances carefully ?(no more than 4 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
小题5:What does the word “they” (Line 2, Paragraph 6) probably refer to?(no more than 1 word)
_______________________________________________________________________________

阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的词数要求）。
[1]People with lower intelligence are more likely to be unhappy than their brighter colleagues, according to UK researchers, Their study of 6,870 people showed low intelligence was often linked with lower income and poor mental health, which contributed to unhappiness. The researchers are calling for more help and support to be targeted at people with lower IQs. Their findings were published in the journal Psychological Medicine.
[2]The researchers analyzed data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbity Survey in England. One of the questions was：“Taking all things together, how would you say you were these days—very happy ,fairly happy or not too happy?” The highest part saying they were “        ”was found in people with an IQ between 120 and 129-43% said they were very happy..
[3]However, the highest proportion saying “not too happy”was found in people with an IQ between 70 and 79. The study said lower intelligence was linked to lower income, worse health and needing help with daily life, such as shopping or housework—all of which contributed to unhappiness.
[4]Dr Hassiotis said：“There is some evidence that long term strategies directed at young children from poor backgrounds can have a positive impact on IQ, wellbeing and life opportunities”. Such interventions(干涉)are likely to be costly, but the initial costs may be offset（抵消）by future benefits such as a reduced reliance on state benefits and better mental and physical health”.
[5]He added that the study was particularly helpful as it identified some of the factors（因素）that influence the association between IQ and happiness. The study also emphasized the interventions to prevent lower IQ leading to greater unhappiness.
小题1:What does the passage mainly talk about?(no more than 10 words)
                                                                                            
小题2:Fill in the blank in paragraph2 with proper words.(no more than3 words)
                                                                                           
小题3:Costly as the interventions(干涉)are , why is it worthwhile to do so ?.(no more than 10 words)
                                                                                           
小题4:What did Hassiotis want to stress in the last paragraph?(no more than 6 words)
                                                                                           
小题5:What does the word “which” referred to in paragraph one ?(no more than 6 words)
                                                                               

阅读下面短文, 并根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的字数要求）。
[1]A great number of people spend a lot of time earning money because they believe the money it-self will make them happy, or will guard them against things that will make them unhappy．They make great efforts to achieve the perfect relationship, the perfect house, the beautiful body, the approval of others, all in an attempt to be happy．
[2]Sometimes these things make people happy; other times, people stress over not having reached the goals, or reach them and find they’re still unhappy．Other times, people focus on just one goal and don * t have time for other things that will make them truly happy．
[3]Some experts studying human happiness and the factors that contribute to it have identified several key areas of life that seem to be more related to personal happiness．Some of them are the things like money, friends, health and living conditions; others are things you may not think of in your daily life, such as your neighborhood and sense of meaning in life．
[4]So while setting your goals, remember all of the areas of life that are important to you and find a balanced lifestyle including social support, personal development, physical health and meaningful pursuits besides career success and financial security．______, your attitude about life and the things that happen to you each day can also have a great effect on your level of happiness and life satisfaction．In addition to being optimistic, happy people tend to believe they are the masters of their fate, rather than the victims of circumstance．
[5]Explore the state of your life, assess how truly happy you are, and find a direction to work to-ward that will likely bring more happiness．Reach your goals, set new ones and live a life that truly makes you happy．
小题1:What’s the main idea of the passage? （ no more than 5 words．）
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________________________________________________________________________
小题2:What would happen to those who focus on just one goal and don’t have time for other things? （no more than 6 words）
_______________________________________________________________________________
小题3:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words．（Please answer within 5 words．）
_______________________________________________________________________________
小题4:List three other factors that can make people happy except money and friend.  （no more than 13 words．）
①          ②            ③          
小题5:What does the word "it" （Line 1, Paragraph 3） probably refer to? （2 words）
___________________________________________________________________________