Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉）of warmth encourages emotional warmth. While a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise deeisions – those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

Psychologists （心理学家）have known that one person’s feelings of another’s “warmth”is a powerful factor in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is an important thing needed to be thought about carefully. Even there are studies showing that a “cold” person may be more skillful. Much of this is deep into very early childhood experiences. Bargh argues, when babies’ sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, especially warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “ mother ” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to give strength to the need for warm physical touch from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of “ warmth ” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those sensations influence judgment in many countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh did an experiment in which 41 college students took part in. A research assistant handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that. The students were asked to rate （评估）the personality of “Person A” based on the description. Those who had just held the warm drink thought Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

56. According to Paragraph 1. a person’s emotion may be affected by _______.

A. the visitors to his office

B. the psychology lessons he has

C. his physical feeling of coldness

D. the things he has bought online

57. The writer mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that _______.

A. adults should develop social skills

B. babies need warm physical touch

C. caregivers should be healthy adults

D. monkeys have social relationships

58. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A. feelings of warmth and coldness are studies worldwide

B. social skills do not come from physical experiences

C. physical temperature influences how we see others

D. skillful persons are often cold to others

59. What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.

B. Developing Better Drinking Habits.

C. Experiments of Personal Emotion.

D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.

To err is human. To blame（责备） the other guy is even more human.

Common sense is not all that common.

Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?

These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（神圣的）.” This saying mirrors an ideal: People should be forgiving of others’ mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite – find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity（成熟）.

Common sense is what we call clear thought. Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well, and it also means staying with the plan. Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. Common sense does not seem to be common for large companies, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. People say that in a large company, “the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing.”

And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary（直接推论）to that: if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth?

1.Which of the following is NOT based on common sense?

2.What can we infer from the last paragraph according to the writer?

3.What would be the best title for this passage?

I am on the way

I have been dreaming of being a volunteer  46  I entered the university． Last summer, I could finally become a volunteer after the end　term  examination．

Step1 First experiencing

I thought I could have a good   47 ． But when I faced so many strangers, also my new workmates for the first time, I got nervous and  48 almost all the time．

Step2 Start work

My first job of volunteering was  49 in summer． The kids were from families  50  low income(低收人)．They were at different   51 ，from primary school pupils to high school students．We talked about the  52  ，sadness and happiness．I told them that lessons were much more important than money，though I knew they did not have  53 lives．I  54 that my experience would help them．

  55 ，we needed to make better plans，and sometimes we didn’t know what to do at all，especially when  56 happened．

Step3 Wishes

I also 57 the older serving group．It seemed  58 more difficult to communicate with elders．I really hoped that I could bring 59 happiness into their lives and help them more．

Anyway，I am on the way． 1 will  60 my dream，no matter what would happen the next day．