The students had to finish their homework in time, ? A. didn't they B. must they C. d——青夏教育精英家教网—

Today my classmates and I went to the Old People's Home. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

第14讲Units 10-12

1. thrill　 vt.& vi.使兴奋,使激动使紧张; 使颤动;使颤抖,颤动;颤抖

e.g. He was thrilled by her conversation. 她的谈话使他很激动。

We were thrilled with joy．我们高兴极了。

She was thrilled at the good news．她听到那个好消息很兴奋。

She was thrilled with terror when she saw the scene of the murder.

她看到凶杀现场时,吓得毛骨悚然。

The earthquake thrilled the land. 地震使大地颤动。

Her voice thrilled with joy. 她高兴得声音颤抖。

[拓展] thrill可做名词，意为“ 兴奋,激动;恐怖”

e.g. He felt a thrill when he got into the theater. 他一进剧院就很激动。

Meeting the President was a great thrill. 会见总统是一件令人兴奋不已的事情。

She whiled away the afternoon reading cheap thrills.她看廉价的惊险小说消磨了一个下午。

2．marry　 vt. & vi.　结婚；嫁；娶；与……结婚

e.g.　 Henry didn't marry until he was over fifty．亨利直到过了50岁才结婚。

They　married　in　1990.　他们1990年结婚。

She married young. 　　她早婚。

[辨析] 1) 　　 marry sb．嫁给/ 娶某人、与……结婚

e.g. 　　　 John is going to marry Mary．约翰要娶玛丽为妻。

Will you marry him？　你愿意跟他结婚吗？

2)be／get married (to sb)． (与某人)结婚

e.g. Helen was married to a doctor．海伦和一位医生结了婚。

When are you going to get married?　　你准备什么时候结婚？

3)marry sb．to sb．表示“父母把女儿嫁给某人”或“为儿子娶媳妇”。

e.g.　 She married her daughter to a businessman．她把女儿嫁给了一位商人。

She married her son to a rich woman．她为儿子娶了个有钱的老婆。

[拓展] 1) marry一般不与介词with连用。

e.g.　 She married a lawyer.

She was／got married to a lawyer．她和一位牧师结了婚。

2)“你/ 他结婚了没有？”不可说“Do you / Does he marry？”或“Have you/ Has he married？”，而应说：“Are you/ Is he married？”或“Have you/ Has he got married？”

3) 词组get married 意为“结婚”，但这是一个非延续性动词，即它不能跟表示一段时间的词连用。be married 也可以用来表示“结婚”，它是一个延续性词组，可以与表示一段时间的词连用。

e.g.　 We have been married for ten years．我们已经结婚十年了。

His uncle will get married next month．他叔叔下个月结婚。

但可说：He　got　married　to　Mr　Yu　last　year.　　　他去年与于先生结婚了。

或：They have got married.　他们已经结婚了。

[联想] marriage　 n. 婚姻，结婚

e.g.　 Her marriage with John is successful .她和约翰的婚姻是成功的。

3．lend　 v. 把...借给　　　　　lend　sb.　sth.　=　lend　sth.　to　sb.

e.g. Who lent you the bike? 谁借给你这辆自行车?

Could you lend me your dictionary? 你能把字典借给我吗?

[辨析] borrow，lend和keep

borrow表示“借进”，即说话人向别人借东西供自己用，常用于borrow sth．from sb．/

somewhere结构中，是终止性动词，不能与延续性时间状语连用；lend表示“借出”，即说话人把自己的东西借给别人用，常用于 lend sth．to sb．或lend sb．sth．结构中，也是终止性动词； keep本意为“保存、保留”，引伸为“借用”，用于表示借用的时间长度，可以和表示时间段的时间状语及how long等连用。

-Can I borrow this book？我可以借这本书吗？

-Yes，but you mustn't lend it to others．可以，但你不许借给别人。

-How long may I keep this book？这本书我可借多长时间？

-Two weeks．两周。

4．exchange v. 交换;调换;兑换;　 exchange A for B ，意思是用A来交换B

e.g. 　　　 I'd like to exchange some pounds for dollars. 我想把一些英镑兑换成美金。

We'll have an opportunity to exchange views tomorrow. 明天我们将有机会交换看法。

The two girls exchanged seats．这两个女生调换了座位。

Lucy exchanged from Class Three into Class Two．露西从三班调到了二班。

[拓展] 　n.　交换；交流；交易；交易所；兑换

e.g.　 She gave him a valuable stamp and received a song book in exchange．

她给他一张珍贵的邮票，换来一本歌曲集。

An exchange of opinions is helpful.　　　相互交换意见是有益的。

What is the rate of exchange between the pound and the mark?

英镑与马克的兑换率是多少?

5．past　 prep.　 (指时间、空间等)过;通过,经过adj.

e.g. 　　　 He walked past a shop on his way home yesterday. 昨天在回家的路上他路过了一家商店。

Go past the park.　　走过公园。

He is past thirty. 他三十多岁。

[拓展] 1)past可作副词，意为“经过”。

e.g.　 Days went past without any news. 日子过去了，一点消息也没有。

I watched the people hurry past.　　我看着人们匆匆而过。

2)可作形容词，意为“过去的，刚过去的；过去了的，完了的；以前的，前任的”。

e.g.　 The danger is past.　　　　危险已过。

John Smith is a past president of our club.　约翰·史密斯是我们俱乐部的前任主席。

3)还可作名词，意为“过去,昔日”。

e.g.　 In the past he had to read by candlelight.过去他只得在烛光下攻读。

We shouldn’t forget the past. 我们不应该忘记过去。

[辨析] past, pass和 passed

pass既可作动词“通过、经过、传递”，也可用作名词“通行证、护照”；而passed是pass的过去式。

e.g.　 Please pass your pass to me．请把你的护照递过来。　

I passed the park..＝　　　 I went past the park.　　　我走过公园。

6. land　 n.(可数) 国家，国土；陆地；土地，田地；地产,田产

e.g.　 After living in foreign country for many years, the man went back to his native land.　　

在外国居住了多年之后,这个人回到了自己的祖国.

He has visited many distant lands. 他访问过许多遥远的国家。

Most mammals live on land.　大多数哺乳动物生活在陆地上。

They traveled by land. 他们陆路旅行。

He owns a big piece of land.　他拥有一大块土地。

These lands belonged to my father.　　　这些地产过去是属于我父亲的。

[拓展] 可作动词，意为“使登陆，使降落，使下车；登陆，降落”。

e.g. The pilot landed the helicopter in a rice field. 飞行员将直升飞机降落在一片稻田里。

The ship landed the goods at New York.　　　这船将货卸在纽约。

The airliner landed safely.　　客机安全降落。

7．point　 n. 尖,尖端,尖头；分数;(比赛等的)得分； (时间上的)一点；[数]点;小数点；地点；特点；(特定)时刻;瞬间；一小点,斑点；思想;论点；要点;中心思想；意义;目的;用途

e.g.　 Do you have a pencil with a sharper point?　你有尖一点的铅笔吗?

In the game we got ten points while the Medical School got only three.

比赛中我们得了十分,而医学院只得了三分。

Line A cross line B at point C. 线段A 和线段 B 相交于 C点。

Where is the starting point? 起始点在哪儿呢？

She tried to remind of herself of his good points. 她努力使自己想起他的优点。

　　　 Please pay attention to the language points in each unit.

　　　 请注意每一单元中语言重点的学习。

　　　 I failed to catch his point of view． 我没能领会他的观点。

What’s the point of complaining? They can't do anything to help you.

抱怨有什么用呢？他们没办法帮助你。

[拓展] 可作动词，构成短语

1)point out意为“指出,使注意”，后面可接名词，也可接从句作宾语。

e.g. The teacher pointed out the mistakes in the composition．老师指出了这篇作文中的错误。

　　　 He pointed out that the story was somewhat hard to believe.

　　　 他指出，这个故事有点令人难以置信。

2) point …… out 或 point out …指出 ( 某人或某事 )

e.g. He quickly pointed out a mistake. 他很快指出了一个错误。

　　　 Can you point out the finest pictures to me ? = Can you point me out the finest pictures ?

　　　 你能否给我指出最好的画？

3)point to/ towards意为“指向”，强调方向，较远，并不是指着该物体。而 point at表示“把...指向；把...对准；瞄准”，离物体较近，指人时一般表示粗鲁或不礼貌。

e.g.　 He pointed to the door and there I saw a girl smiling at me．

　　　他指向门，我发现那里有一位姑娘朝我微笑着。

The hands of the clock now pointed to half past three.这时时针指向三点半。

The teacher pointed at the map and told me where Britain was．

　　　 老师指着地图告诉我英国的位置。

It's rude to point your fingers at people.　　　用手指指人是很不礼貌的。

8．except　 prep.& conj　除...之外　强调在同类人或物中除去的一个或几个特殊的人或物，表示减除的概念，即“不包括”。它常与all, every, everyone, everything, any, anywhere, no, nobody , nowhere, none, nothing等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。except引起的部分在通常情况下位于句末，其后可跟名词、代词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、that从句以及 wh-等引导的句子。

e.g.　 We go there every day except Sunday.　除了星期天, 我们每天都去那儿。

They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman.

除了那位年轻的法国人以外, 他们全都去睡觉了。

I looked everywhere except in the bedroom. 除了卧室外，我到处都找遍了。

I know nothing about him except what I read　in the newspaper.

除了在报纸上所看到的以外，我对他的情况一无所知。

She usually goes to work by bike except　when it rains/on rainy days.

除了雨天，她一般都骑自行车上班。

He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.

他除了抽烟太多之外,　没有什么特别的毛病。

　　　 She did nothing except complain while she was here.　她在这里时除了抱怨还是抱怨。

[辨析] besides，except，except for和but

1)besides “除了…以外，还有…”，是包括、加的概念，常用在含有also，another，more，other，else，too等词的句子中。besides引起的部分可置于句首或句末，其后通常接名词、代词、动名词(短语)、动词原形或what从句等。

e.g. Besides his wife, his daughter also went swimming. 除了他妻子以外，他女儿也去游泳了。

We need fifteen more people besides our team to do the job.

除了我们全队以外，还需要15人来做这项工作。

What else did you do besides writing/write the letter? 除了写了那封信外，你还干了什么？

提示：在否定句中，besides表示“除…之外(不再有)”，这时可以与except、but互换。

e.g.　 Nobody knows it besides/except/but me.　　　除我以外，谁也不知道那件事。

2)except for　复合介词，具有否定含义，译作“除…以外,其它都…”，表示在说明整个基本情况后，再对谈论的对象在细节上加以说明或修正，一般指从完美的整体中除去存在的不足。except for引起的部分可置于句首或句末，其后除开的部分通常不是同类的。

e.g.　 Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

除了几个拼写错误外，你的作文写得很好。

Except for a desk or two, the classroom was empty.

除了一两张课桌外，这个教室是空的。

注：① except for +名词或短语时，可以转换成except that从句形式。

e.g. Your composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.

② 在前后有相称的同类词语时，应用except，否则用except for。

e.g. We come to school every day except Sunday. 除星期天外，我们天天上学。

(句中every day与Sunday同类)

The movie was good except for the ending. 这部电影除了结尾之外都很好。

(good和ending不同类)

③except与except for在句中也可互换；不过，一般情况下，except for可置于句首及，而except则不能；否定句中用except，肯定句式可以用except for来替换。

e.g.　 Everyone is here except Tom. / Except for Tom everyone is here. 除汤姆外，大家都到了。

This article has no blunders except a few mistakes. 这篇文章除了一点小错外没有大错。

3)but“除…外,其余都或都不…”,它和except的用法基本相同,都表示减除概念，一般情况下

可以互换,通常置于句末,着重强调整句的内容,它习惯上只用于every, any, all, everybody,

anything, anywhere, nobody , no, none以及who, what, where等词之后，其后可接名词、代词、

形容词、动词不定式等。

e.g. She seldom talked of anything but painting. 除了绘画，她很少谈论别的。

There　 is　 no　 one　 here but Mary and Tom.　　　除了玛丽和汤姆，这里没有别人。

Who but a fool would do such a thing? 除了傻瓜外，谁会干这种事？

注：尽管except和but常可换用，但在下列情况多用but：前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意

义上对称时；当句中有no、all、nobody、who、where等时；介词后接带to的动词不定式短

语为排除对象时。且：若but前面的句子中含有实义动词do，does，doing，did，done，to do

等形式时，其后要省去不定式符号to, 否则要保留to。

e.g.　 He did nothing but watch TV last night. 昨晚除了看电视以外，别的他什么也没有干。

The girl had no choice but to cry. 那个女孩除了放声大哭，别无选择。

9. crowd　 n. 人群；一堆,许多；大众

e.g. There was a crowd of people in front of the town hall. 市政大厅前有一群人。

I saw a crowd of magazines and papers on her desk. 我看见她桌上放着一堆杂志和报纸。

You can do what you want to do, but never follow the crowd.

你想做什么就做什么,但别随大流。

[拓展] 可作动词，意为“挤满，挤,拥挤，将...塞进”

e.g.　 People crowded the supermarket.　超市挤满了人。

He crowded more books onto the shelf.　　　他向书架上又塞了一些书。

People crowded into the cinema.　人们挤进电影院

[联想]　 a crowded train　拥挤的火车　 crowded cities　拥挤的城市

be crowded (with)　挤满了(……)

10．maybe　 adv. 大概,或许,可能

e.g. Maybe you'll have better luck next time.　也许下次你的运气会好一点。

And can you also write e-mail English? Maybe not.你也会写e-mail English吗？也许不。

[辨析] maybe和may be

maybe是副词，相当于perhaps，常位于句首。在may be中，may是情态动词，后面接

动词原形，表示推测，有“可能；或许”的意思。be是动词原形，两者构成完整的谓语形式，

与主语形成系表结构，意为“也许是、可能是”。

　e.g. Maybe/ Perhaps she’ll come this afternoon. 她可能今天下午来。

Maybe/ Perhaps the weather will get better. 天气也许会变好.

Maybe you put the pen in your bay. 大概你把笔放在包里了。

She may go to school this afternoon.　　今天下午她或许去上学。

He may be a student.他可能是一个学生。

I can’t find my watch. It may be in your pocket. 我找不到手表了，它可能在你的口袋里。

[联想] maybe和may be可相互转换。

e.g.　　　　 ①　　 He may be in the office. →

　　　　　　　　　　 Maybe he is in the office. 他或许在办公室。

②　　 You may be right. →

　　　　　　　　　　 Maybe you are right. 你或许是对的。

③　　 He may be able to come. →

Maybe he can come.　　　他可能会来。

　　　 1．get to 　到达

e.g.　 When did you get there last night?　　　你昨晚什么时候到那儿的？

I get home at 7:00 every day．我每天7:00到家。

When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun．我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。

[辨析]　　 get, arrive与reach

这三个词都可以用来表示“到达”，但是用法不同。

1)　 get和arrive都是不及物动词，其后只能跟表示地点的副词，若是跟名词则须再加介词，即get to +地点名词，arrive in / at +地点名词(in 之后跟表示大地方的词，at之后跟表示小地方的词)。若是只说“到达”，而不指出到达哪里，则只能用arrive。

e.g.　 How did you get / arrive there?　　　　　　你怎么到那儿的？

I got to / arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday．我前天到的北京。

When do you often get to / arrive at school? 你经常什么时候到校？

When will you arrive?　你什么时候到？

2)reach为及物动词，其后既可跟名词也可跟副词。

e.g.　 I reached Beijing the day before yesterday．我前天到的北京。

We reached here on foot．我们步行到这儿的。

[联想] 关于get的词组小结

get to school 到学校　　　　　　 get into the shower 去洗澡　　　　　　　　 get outside 到外边

get home 到家　　　　　　　　　　 get up 起床　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 get married 结婚

get dressed 穿好衣服　　　　　 get to class 到班级　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 get bored 变得无聊

get tired 变得疲劳

2．be late for 意为“干……迟到”，for为介词，所以其后须跟名词。

e.g.　 Don't be late for the meeting．开会别迟到了。

Jim was late for school again．吉姆上学又迟到了。

Tom has been late for classes twice. 汤姆上课已经迟到两次了。

[联想]　　in the late afternoon 傍晚

in the late eighties 八十世纪晚期

some late news 一些新消息

came to school late 上学迟到

worked late into the night 工作到深夜

3. go off 发出响声

e.g. Although the alarm clock went off, he didn't wake up．虽然闹钟大响，但他还是未醒。

[联想]与go有关的词组还有：

go on 进行，继续　　　　　　　　　　　 go on doing sth./ go on with sth.　继续做……

go over 调查，视察；越过　　　　 go out one’s way to do sth 特意(花时间，心血)做某事，

4．come by　经过，走过；获得，获有

e.g.　 Please let the car come by．请让车过去。

Good jobs are not easy to come by．好工作不容易找到。

[联想] 与come有关的其他词组：

1)come out　出来；开花；出版(不及物动词，无被动语态)　

e.g.　 The moon has come out．月亮出来了。

It's too cold for the flowers to come out．天太冷了，花不开了。

When will his new novel come out? 他新创作的小说什么时候出版?

2)　 come about 发生，产生　

e.g.　 Tell me how the accident came about．告诉我事情是怎么发生的。

3) come across (偶然)发现……，遇见……

e.g. I came across his name on the list．我无意中在名单上发现他的名字。

4)come after　继……之后，接……而来　

e.g. Sunday comes after Saturday．星期天在星期六之后。

5)come back　回来　

e.g.　 When did he come back? 他什么时候回来的？

6)come to oneself　　苏醒，醒过来　

e.g. At last, he came to himself．最后他醒了。

7)come from　来自　　

e.g. Julia comes from Australia．朱莉娅来自澳大利亚。

5．give sb. a ride/ lift　让某人搭便车，ride在此为名词“搭车，乘车”的意思。

e.g.　 Can you give me a ride/ lift, Jack? 杰克，能让我搭个便车吗？

[拓展] get a ride　搭便车

e.g. I want to get a ride. 我想搭个便车。

[联想] go for a ride 兜风　　 give sb a ring 打电话给...

7. so …that… 如此……以至…… , 引导结果状语从句，so后面跟形容词或副词；译成汉语

时，不一定要死套“如此……以至”的模式。主要引导四种不同的句子结构。

1)so+形容词(表语)+that从句

e.g. This book is so interesting that everyone in our class wants to read it．

这本书是如此的有趣以至于全班同学都想看看。

It was so dark that he couldn't see the faces of his companions．

天太黑了，他不能看见同伴的脸。

2)so+形容词+a(m)+单数名词+that从句

e.g. It was so good an exhibition that I went to see it several times.

展览是那么好，结果我就去看了好几次。

It was so fine a day yesterday that we all went out for a picnic.

昨天天气很好，我们都出去野餐了。

3) so+副词+that从句。

e.g. He did so well in the examination that everyone praised him. 他考得那么好，人人都称赞他。

Tom ran so fast that he won the first place. 汤姆跑得那样快，结果他得了第一名。

4)so+ many/much / few / little+名词+that从句

e.g. I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.

我跌了很多跤，全身青一块，紫一块。

There was so much work to do that everybody got bored.

有这么多的事要做，人人都感到厌烦了。

There was so little water in the jar that it was not enough for all of us.

缸里的水太少，不够我们这些人用的。

[辨析] such…that…和so …that…

such…that… 也为“如此……以至……”之意，也有四种不同的句子结构：

1)such+ a(n)+形容词+单数名词+that从句

e.g. It was such a fine day that nobody wanted to stay at home. 天气这么好，没人愿意呆在家。

It was such an interesting film that I saw it twice. 这是一部很有意思的电影，我看了两次。

2)such+形容词+复数名词+that从句

e.g.　 He had such long arms that he could almost touch his knees.

他的胳膊很长，几乎就能够到他的膝盖。

They are such good students that the teacher likes them.

他们都是很好的学生，老师喜欢他们。

3)such+(形容词)+不可数名词+that从句

e.g.　 The book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.

这本书是用简单的英语写成的，连初学者都能看懂。

It was such fine weather yesterday that we went swimming. 昨天天气很好，我们去游泳了。

3)　 one (no, any, all, many, some, several, 等)+such+可数名词+that从句

e.g.　 There are many such good books that I can”t decide which one to choose.

有这么多的好书，我无法决定选择哪一本。

He gave us several such examples about the phrase that we understood it pretty well.

关于这个短语，他举了好几个这样的例句，我们终于完全弄懂了。

[拓展] 两种句型的在不变更原意的前提下可转换

1) e.g.　他作了一个那么精彩的讲演，以至于出席会议的人都钦佩他。

He made a speech so wonderfully that everyone present at the conference admired him.

→He made so wonderful a speech that everyone present at the conference admired him.

→He made such a wonderful speech that everyone present at the conference admired him.

2)so many / much…that…可转换为such a lot of…that…

e.g.　 There are so many people in the room that we could not get in.

→There are such a lot of people in the room that we could not get in.

房间里人太多，我们进不去。

3)so few / little…that…可转换为such a few / a little…that…

e.g.　 So few people came that the meeting had to be put off.

→Such a few people came that the meeting had to be put off.

人来得这么少，会议不得不推迟。

4)“so…that+含肯定意义的从句”可转换为“…enough to…”。

e.g.　 He is so old that he can go to school. →He is old enough to go to school.

他到了上学的年龄。

4. “so…that+含否定意义的从句”可转换为“not…enough to (do sth)”或“too…to (do sth)”。

e.g.　 He is so young that he can’t look after himself.

　　　 →He is not old enough to look after himself.

→He is too young to look after himself. 　　他年龄太小，自己照顾不了自己。

8．set off　出发，开始

e.g.　 They'll set off on a journey around the world．他们将要出发环球旅行。

[联想] 与set有关的其他词组：

set about sth．开始，着手　　　 set out　出发，启程　　　　　 set up 建立，设立

9．at Uncle Bob’s　在鲍伯叔叔的小店

是名词“‘s”所有格的一种特殊用法。在表示店铺，餐馆，某种职业，某人的家等名词的所有格后面的名词，常可以省略。

e.g.　　　　 at the doctor’s=at the doctor’s clinic 在大夫的诊所

at Mr Green’s=at Mr Green’s home　在格林先生家里　　

　　　　　　　　to my uncle’s = to my uncle’s home 到我叔叔家

Johnson’s = Johnson’s Shop 约翰逊商店

9.both…and… 并列连词， “既…也…, (两者)都…” 。当它连接两个主语构成的词组作主语

时,谓语动词用复数。both A and B = A and B，A 和 B 须注意“平衡”，即词性保持一致。

e.g.　 You and John are students.　你和 John 都是学生。

Both my father and mother like singing．我父母都喜欢唱歌。

She is both kind and beautiful. 她不但仁慈，而且漂亮。

Both swimming and hiking are exciting sports. 游泳和健行都是令人感到兴奋的运动。

Linda has been to both Japan and the U.S.A.　 Linda 去过日本和美国。

I work both quickly and correctly. 我做事既快速又正确。

[辨析]both…and…，not only… but also…，neither…nor…和either…or…

1)neither…nor…:既不…也不…，连接两个并列主语时, 采取就近原则。

e.g.　 Neither I nor he has seen the play before. 我们俩都没看过这个短剧。

2)not only…but also…:不但…而且…，连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。

e.g.　 Not only the mother but also the children are ill. 妈妈和孩子都病了。

3) either…or… 或者…或者…; 不是…就是…;要么…要么…，连接两个并列主语时,也遵循就

近原则.

e.g. 　　　 Either you or I am right. 不是你错了，就是我错了。

Does either she or they like English？不是她喜欢英语，就是他们喜欢英语吗？

[拓展]由either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定.；both…and…否定句表示部分否定.

e.g. 　　　 She isn't either a student or a teacher. 她既不是学生，也不是老师。

I can't speak both German and English. 我并不是既会说德语又会说英语。

Both my father and my mother aren't doctors. 我父母并非都是老师。

10. be rude to sb　对某人无理

e.g. 　　　 It’s rude to interrupt when people are speaking.　打断人家的话是不礼貌的.

I think it was rude of them not to phone and say that they weren’t coming.

他们来不了,也不打电话通知一声,太不象话了.

[联想] 　 be friendly/ kind/ good/ nice/ polite to sb. 对某人很好/ 友善/ 礼貌

1．By the time she went outside, the bus had already gone.

到她走到外面的时候，公共汽车已经走了。

[精析] 　Past perfect Tense

1) 概念：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。

2) 构成：助动词 had + 过去分词，had 通用于各种人称。

　e.g. 　　 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

到酒店之前，他们已吃了早餐。

　　　　　　 By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom．

　　　　　　到她起床的时候，她的弟弟已经去洗澡间了。

3) 判定：　　　 ⑴ 由时间状语来判定

一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by， before， when等词引导的时间状语。

e.g.　 I had finished doing my homework by nine o'clock last night.　

　　截止昨天晚上9点我已完成了作业。

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

截至到上个学期末，我们已经学了200多个单词。　

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

到上星期三之前他们已经植了600棵树。

When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home

当她到学校的时候，她意识到她把书包放在家里了。

⑵ 由“过去的过去”来判定。

过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作

有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：

① 宾语从句中

当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成

时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

e.g.　 She said that she had seen the film before.　她说她以前看过这部电影。

② 状语从句中　

　在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。

e.g.　 When I got to the station, the train had already left. 当我到火车站时，火车已经离开了。

　 After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 写完作业后，他去睡觉了。

注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。

e.g.　Where did you study before you came here? 　来这儿前，你在哪儿学习？

After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 关上门后，他离开了教室。

⑶ 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

e.g.　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 我们本来希望你来，可是你没来。

⑷ 根据上、下文来判定。

e.g.　 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

　　我昨天在街上遇到了王涛。自从他去了北京，我们就再也没见过。

4) 用法　

⑴ 过去完成时表示的动作发生在“过去的过去”

e.g.　 When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。

⑵ 过去完成时是一个相对的时态, 只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较、强调顺序时才

使用它。

e.g.　 He told me that he had written a new book.　他跟我说他写了本书。

⑶ 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此

时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ，

until 等引导的短语或从句连用。

e.g.　 Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.　

　　　格雷斯来中国前已在一所中学教了5年英语。

Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

到10 岁的时候，皮特已经收集了300多张邮票。

⑷ 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，

而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。

e.g.　 By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.

　　截止到去年末，他已经在工厂工作了20年。

　2．Could you please tell me where the restrooms are? 　请你告诉我厕所在哪儿好吗？

[精析] 本句是问路或问处所的常用语，通常应先说excuse me，以引起对方注意，也表示尊重对方。could在此不是过去形式，它此时表示语气婉转、有礼貌，可换成can, would或will。在希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中，以及在含有表示建议、请求和征求意见语气的疑问句中，常用some和something，而不用any和anything。

e.g.　 Could you lend me your motorbike, please? 　请把你的摩托车借给我好吗？

　　 Could you tell me something about yourself？请谈谈你自己好吗？

[拓展] 几种常用的问路的方法　试译：打扰了，请问去书店怎么走？

Excuse me. Could/ can/ will/ would you (please)tell me the way to the bookshop?

Excuse me. Could/ can/ will/ would you (please) tell me how I can get to the bookshop?

Excuse me. Could/ can/ will/ would you (please) tell me how to get to the bookshop?

Excuse me. Could/ can/ will/ would you (please) tell me where the bookshop is?

Excuse me. Which is the way to the bookshop, please?

Excuse me. Where’s the bookshop, please?

Excuse me. How can I get to the bookshop, please?

3. Watertown is a great place for the family to take a vacation.

对一个家庭来说，水乡(城)是一个度假的好地方。

[精析] someplace + is +…for sb. to do sth. 是常用的一个固定句型。

e.g.　 Library is a quiet place for students to read books.　图书馆是学生安静读书的地方。

4．Could you please tell me where I can get a dictionary? 请你告诉我我在哪儿能买到字典？

[精析] 宾语从句

1)概念：整个句子是一个的宾语，这样的句子就叫做。宾语是句子的重要成分之一，在多数情况下，是由名词性的词类充当的。如果宾语部分是由一个句子充当的话，则被称为宾语从句。宾语从句主要做动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。我们以前学过的间接引语实质上就是宾语从句。

2)宾语从句三要素--时态、语序、连接词

(1)时态：主句和从句的时态必须保持一致。即主句为一般现在时，从句可根据需要选择

各种时态；如果主句是一般过去时，从句只能用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进

行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。但是带有真理性质的“一般现在时”不变。“真理”通常有以下几种表达形式：1.宇宙和自然界的规律活动；2.类似光速比音速快的固定法则；3.没有时间概念的词义或句意等。　此外，还要根据句意，对其他各种词语作相应的调整，如：you → he；ago → before；next week → the next week，……

e.g. We’re sorry to hear that your mother is ill.　听说你母亲病了，我们很难过。

　　　 Mr. Black didn’t know why Jenny was late again.

布莱克先生不清楚为什么珍妮又迟到了。　

He asked me what this word means. 他问我这个单词的含义。

(2)语序：不管什么类型的宾语从句，总是用陈述句语序。即：从句的连接词后是主语、

谓语、宾语的语序。当连接词做主语时，后面直接跟谓语和宾语。因此，在宾语从句中不该有表示倒叙形式的助动词“do”、“does”、“did”，等。

e.g. I shall write to you what I want to say. 　　　　我会写给你我想说的话。

　　　 She asked who is the boss of this store. 她问谁是这家店的老板。

(3)连接词：宾语从句是陈述句时，连接词用that(在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略)；宾语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词用if或whether(起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解)；宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词直接用特殊疑问词做引导词，后面变为陈述语序，如who, what, why, where, whose等(它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义)。标点由主句决定，如主句是陈述句、祈使句，则用句号；是疑问句则用问号。

　e. g. He knew (that) he should work hard. 他知道他应该努力学习。

I want to know whether(if)you can repair the recorder or not.

不知道你是否能修理录音机？

　　　 The reporter will tell us what he saw and heard in Japan.

　　　这个记者要给我们讲讲他在日本的见闻。

　　　 Do you know where the Great Pyramid is?　你知道大金字塔在什么地方吗？

[拓展] 1)一般情况下，引导宾语从句时，if 和whether可互换，但以下3种情况只用whether：

①不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided. 去不去那儿还没决定。

②介词前：It depends on whether it is going to rain. 它取决于是否下雨。

③与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not. 他们在讨论去不去那儿。

2)由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。

　e. g.　 I don’t know how I should do with the presents. →

　　　　I don’t know how to do with the presents.

3) 注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型。

e. g. If you ask him, he will help you.　如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。(if引导条件状语从句)

I wonder if she is ill. 不知她是否病了。(if引导宾语从句)

Sorry，I was out when you called. 对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。

(when引导时间状语从句)

I'd like to know when they will come. 我想知道他们什么时候来。( when 引导宾语从句)

5．Excuse me, I wonder if you can help me. 打扰了，我不知道您是否能帮帮我

[精析] 动词wonder在不同的句子结构中表达的意思不同：

(1) 后接who, what, why等疑问词引导的宾语从句或疑问词+不定式时，表示“想知道”。

e. g. 　　　 The teacher wondered why she was late.　　　老师想知道她为什么迟到。

He wondered what happened.　　　　　　他想知道发生了什么事情。

I’m just wondering how to do it.　我正想知道怎么做那件事。

(2)后接“that引导的宾语从句”或“不定式短语”时，表示“感到惊奇，对……感到惊讶”。

e. g.　　　　 I wonder that he was off office. 我对他下岗感到惊讶。

I wonder to see her looking so cheerful. 我很惊讶地发现她如此高兴。

(3)后接if或whether引导的宾语从句时，表示一种委婉的请求或疑问。

e. g.　　　　 I wonder if you would mind giving me a hand.　我不知道你是否能帮我一下。

She wondered whether you were free that morning.　　她不知道那天上午你是否有空。

Ⅰ. 单项选择：

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