完形填空 On a hot summer day in last August, I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront café on a Greek island．Over a hundred degrees in 1 air．Crowded．Tempers of both the tourists and waiters had 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

完形填空

　　On a hot summer day in last August, I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront café on a Greek island．Over a hundred degrees in 　　1　　 air．Crowded．Tempers of both the tourists and waiters had 　　2　　 to meet the situation, making it a rather quarrelsome environment．

　　At the table next to mine sat an attractive, 　　3　　 couple, waiting for 　　4　　．They held hands, whispered, kissed, and laughed．Suddenly they stood, picked up their 　　5　　 and stepped together 　　6　　 the edge of where they were sitting to place the table in the sea water．The man stepped 　　7　　 for the two chairs．He politely 　　8　　 his lady in the knee-deep water and then sat down himself．All people around laughed and cheered．

　　　　9　　 appeared．He paused for just a second, walked into the water to 　　10　　 the table and take their 　　11　　, and then walked back to the 　　12　　．Cheers of the rest of his 　　13　　．Minutes later he returned carrying a bottle of wine and two glasses．Without pausing, he went 　　14　　 into the water to 　　15　　 the wine．The couple toasted(祝酒)each other, the waiter and the crowd．And the crowd 　　16　　 by cheering and throwing flowers to them．Three other tables 　　17　　 to have lunch in the water．The place was now filled with laughter．

　　One doesn’t step into water in one’s best summer clothes．Why not?

　　Customers are not served 　　18　　．Why not?

　　Sometimes one should consider 　　19　　 the line of convention(常规)and enjoy 　　20　　 to the fullest．

(1)


[　　]
A．	fresh
B．	cool
C．	still
D．	thin

(2)


[　　]
A．	managed
B．	expected
C．	attempted
D．	risen

(3)


[　　]
A．	lonely
B．	curious
C．	well-dressed
D．	bad-tempered

(4)


[　　]
A．	cheers
B．	service
C．	attention
D．	flowers

(5)


[　　]
A．	metal table
B．	empty bottle
C．	chairs
D．	bags

(6)


[　　]
A．	on
B．	off
C．	around
D．	along

(7)


[　　]
A．	outside
B．	forward
C．	down
D．	back

(8)


[　　]
A．	led
B．	seated
C．	watched
D．	received

(9)


[　　]
A．	The manager
B．	A friend
C．	A waiter
D．	The servant

(10)


[　　]
A．	set
B．	wash
C．	remove
D．	check

(11)


[　　]
A．	menu
B．	bill
C．	food
D．	order

(12)


[　　]
A．	loud
B．	anxious
C．	familiar
D．	final

(13)


[　　]
A．	tourists
B．	customers
C．	fellows
D．	assistants

(14)


[　　]
A．	at last
B．	in time
C．	once more
D．	as well

(15)


[　　]
A．	change
B．	drink
C．	sell
D．	serve

(16)


[　　]
A．	replied
B．	insisted
C．	agreed
D．	understood

(17)


[　　]
A．	prepared
B．	joined in
C．	settled up
D．	continued

(18)


[　　]
A．	with pleasure
B．	in the cafe
C．	in the sea
D．	with wine

(19)


[　　]
A．	following
B．	keeping
C．	limiting
D．	crossing

(20)


[　　]
A．	life
B．	wine
C．	lunch
D．	time

答案：1．C;2．D;3．C;4．B;5．A;6．B;7．D;8．B;9．C;10．A;11．D;12．A;13．B;14．C;15．D;16．A;17．B;18．C;19．D;20．A;
解析：

(1)	still作形容词的意思是“不动的，静止的，无声的，寂静的，无风的”，still air表示一点风也没有。从而进一步描述了夏天的炎热。在如此炎热的天气情况下，人们很容易发脾气、争吵，完全符合下文的描述。fresh air意为“新鲜的空气”。cool意为“凉爽的”，与上文中的温度over a hundred degree相矛盾。thin意为“稀薄的”。
(2)	rise意为“上升”，词义广泛，指具体的或抽象的某物向较高水平或位置移动，这里指人们由于天气炎热，旅游者和服务员的脾气都很糟糕，使得人们处于容易争吵的环境中。manage to do sth．表示“能够做某事”，指经过努力成功地做了某事。expect意为“期待”，期待发脾气不符合实际情况。attempt意为“企图”。
(3)	well-dressed意为“穿得好的”，根据上文中的attractive可判断出这对夫妇衣着良好。lonely意为“孤独的”。curious意为“好奇心旺盛的；好事的，爱看热闹的”。bad-tempered意为“脾气坏的”。都不符合下文中held hands，whispered，kissed，and laughed两人的行为和心情。
(4)	service意为“服务”，从上文中的“On a hot summer day in late August，I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront café on a Greek island．”可以看出这个故事发生在一个酒吧里，所以这一对夫妇在等待着服务员的服务。cheer意为“款待”，指做客时受到的款待。attention意为“注意，注目”。flower意为“花”。
(5)	metal table意为“铁桌子”，根据下文中的to place the table in the sea water可判断出这一对夫妇把桌子移到了海水中。empty bottle意为“空瓶子”。chair意为“椅子”。bag意为“皮包”。都与下文的情景不相符合。
(6)	off意为“脱离”，指离开某个地方。表示他们一块离开了他们原来坐的地方。on意为“在……上面”，on the edge of表示“在……的边缘上”。around意为“在周围，围着；绕过”。along意为“沿着”。
(7)	back意为“返，归”，上文讲到这对夫妇把铁桌子搬到了海水里，所以那个男的回来把椅子搬走。outside意为“在外面”。forward意为“向前，前进”。down意为“向下”。
(8)	seat意为“使……坐下”，主语是人时，宾语往往是自身代词，主语是处所时，指“能坐(多少人)”。下文中的then sat down himself说明那位男的先让那位妇女坐下。lead意为“领导，引导，带领”，着重指先行引路，引导某人达到某一目标，并要求某人有秩序地跟随或处于被控制之下。watch意为“观望”。receive意为“接到，收到”。
(9)	waiter意为“服务员”，上文讲述了这两对夫妇等待着服务，所以出现的应该是服务员，而不会是经理、朋友或仆人。
(10)	set意为“放；搁，安置；布置；安排”，set the table表示把桌子布置好。wash意为“洗”，把桌子洗一洗，这明显不符合实际情况，因为在饭店吃饭时，服务员常常是把桌子擦干净，放上餐具，而不会把桌子洗一洗。remove意为“移动”，指把桌子移动另外的地方。check意为“检查，检验，校对，核对，对照，比较”。
(11)	order意为“叫的菜”，指把他们叫的菜的菜单拿走。bill意为“账单”，指顾客用完餐后所应付的账单。menu意为“菜单”，指客人在叫菜前用的菜单。
(12)	loud意为“响亮的，大声的，高声吵闹的，喧噪的”，故事发生在酒吧里，人们一面喝酒，一面相互祝酒干杯，发出响亮的声音。anxious意为“忧虑的，担心的；挂念的，焦急的”。familiar意为“熟悉……的”。final意为“最后的”。
(13)	customer意为“顾客”，指在酒吧进餐的客人。tourist意为“旅客”，指在旅游的客人。fellow意为“同伴，伴侣；帮手；同事，同辈；同类，酒友”。assistant意为“助手；帮手，助理，店员，伙计”。
(14)	once more意为“再一次”，根据上下文的内容可判断出服务员再一次到水中去。at last意为“最后”，常指通过主观努力，克服种种困难，经过一番拖延或曲折之后，终于排除障碍，达到目的或取得成功，具有较浓的感情色彩。in time意为“及时地”。as well意为“也，又”，表示某个动作或事物与另一个动作或事物是并列关系。
(15)	serve意为“服务，招待”，指在饭店或酒吧服务员为顾客端上饭菜、酒、饮料等。change意为“改变”。drink意为“喝”。sell意为“卖”。
(16)	reply意为“答复，回答”，这里指当这对夫妇向服务员和人们祝酒时，人们也以欢呼和把鲜花扔过来的方式作为回答。insist意为“坚持”。agree意为“同意”。understand意为“理解”。
(17)	join in意为“参加”，表示参加某项活动或事项。这里指其他三张桌子也搬进了水里，与这对夫妇的桌子合并到一起。prepare意为“准备”。settle up意为“解决”。continue意为“继续”。
(18)	in the sea表示“在海水里”。从上文中的to place the table in the sea water可知，这一对夫妇把桌子搬进海水里，其他三张桌子也加入进来。由此可判断出这里指的是在海水里。with pleasure意为“高兴地”。in the café意为“在酒吧里”。with wine意为“用酒”。
(19)	cross意为“横越，穿过”，cross the line of convention表示“打破常规”，在一般情况下，人们是在酒吧或饭店里就餐，而现在人们在海水里就餐，这不能不说是打破常规。
(20)	life意为“生活”。enjoy life意为“享受生活”，作者认为有时候人们应该考虑打破常规来完美地享受生活。wine意为“酒”，指葡萄酒和各种果酒。lunch意为“午餐”。time意为“时间”。

练习册系列答案

年级	高中课程	年级	初中课程
高一	高一免费课程推荐！	初一	初一免费课程推荐！
高二	高二免费课程推荐！	初二	初二免费课程推荐！
高三	高三免费课程推荐！	初三	初三免费课程推荐！
更多初中、高中辅导课程推荐,点击进入>>

相关习题

科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：054

完形填空：

Mr Parker was living in the country , and he wanted to go to an office in the city one day . He 1 the address on a letter, got 2 his car and 3 to the city . He drove straight to the office without any 4 and stopped his car 5 the office. He locked his car and 6 to go into his office, but suddenly he turned around and went back to his car . He remembered that he 7 his keys in it ! He telephoned his wife and said, “ 8 , I ’ve locked my keys in my car . Please 9 me your keys .”

Mrs Parker got into their 10 car and drove twenty miles to 11 her husband. But 12 Mr Parker was waiting for his wife, he walked 13 his car and tried the other 14 . It was not locked ! Mr Parker locked it 15 before his wife arrived.

1.
				[　　]
	A.looked	B.lost	C.found	D.took
2.
				[　　]
	A.to	B.into	C.at	D.out
3.
				[　　]
	A.arrived	B.walked	C.ran	D.drove
4.
				[　　]
	A.trouble	B.answer	C.matter	D.difficult
5.
				[　　]
	A.in the front of	B.in the middle of	C.in front of	D.at the foot of
6.
				[　　]
	A.went	B.wanted	C.forgot	D.wondered
7.
				[　　]
	A.has locked	B.had lock	C.locked	D.had locked
8.
				[　　]
	A.listen to me	B.I need your help	C.Excuse me	D.Don’t smile at me
9.
				[　　]
	A.bring	B.take	C.carry	D.show
10.
				[　　]
	A.another	B.other	C.a second	D.the other
11.
				[　　]
	A.hand	B.give	C.look at	D.help
12.
				[　　]
	A.while	B.since	C.before	D.after
13.
				[　　]
	A.under	B.on	C.around	D.over
14.
				[　　]
	A.door	B.car	C.keys	D.way
15.
				[　　]
	A.suddenly	B.quickly	C.slowly	D.angrily

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：054

完形填空

Earthquake

　　Some countries,such as Japan,have a large number of earth quakes.Earthquakes happen very 　1　and violently(强烈地).During an earthquake,there is often a great 　2　first.Then the earth 　3　terribly,many houses 　4　,railway tracks break and trains run 　5 lines,a great many factories are 　6　,thousands of deaths are caused,and many more lose homes… 　7　the great damage and deaths caused by the earthquake 　8　,other disasters such as fires often 　9　,more buildings destroyed and more 　10　caused.

　　It is well known of the 　11　of a possible earthquake,and for centuries man has been making researches(研究) on earthquakes.More than 2000 years ago, 　12　,a Chinese scientist named Zhang Heng 　13 a machine which could detect(发觉) earthquakes,and this machine is still 　14　by scientists today to detect and measure the 　15　of earthquakes.Now we know much more about earthquakes and 　16　they happen,but we still 　17　tell exactly when and where an earthquake will happen, 　18 cannot stop it from happening.So earthquakes are 　19　the worst disasters(灾难)in the world.

　　No one can stop 　20　earthquakes.However,scientists can 　21　stop earthquakes destroying whole cities and causing too many deaths.In those 　22　where earthquakes often happen,they 　23　mountain temperatures and take 　24　from the air and if anything starts to happen ,they warn governments to be prepared for 　25　disasters so that emergency(紧急) plans are put into action to lessen(减少) the disaster,probably saving many lives.

1.
				[　　]
A. commonly	B.extremely	C.immediately	D.quickly
2.
				[　　]
A.sound	B.voice	C.immediately	D.storm
3.
				[　　]
A.moves	B.shakes	C.noise	D.breaks
4.
				[　　]
A.get burnt	B.catch fires	C.jumps	D.fall down
5.
				[　　]
A.off	B.on	C.sink	D.behind
6.
				[　　]
A.pull out	B.stopped	C.into	D.cut down
7.
				[　　]
A.Except	B.Besides	C.destroyed	D.Because of
8.
				[　　]
A.alone	B.later	C.Instead of	D.itself
9.
				[　　]
A.follow	B.break out	C.only	D.enter
10.
				[　　]
A.quakes	B.deaths	C.come	D.results
11.
				[　　]
A.information	B.questions	C.dangers	D.wounds
12.
				[　　]
A.as a result	B.in fact	C.for example	D.as well
13.
				[　　]
A.invented	B.discovered	C.found out	D.operated
14.
				[　　]
A.improved	B.repaired	C.protected	D.used
15.
				[　　]
A.date	B.strength	C.position	D.length
16.
				[　　]
A.where	B.when	C.how	D.why
17.
				[　　]
A.can	B.cannot	C.want to	D.happen
18.
				[　　]
A.that	B.but	C.and	D.or
19.
				[　　]
A.among	B.before	C.between	D.at the front of
20.
				[　　]
A.natural	B.big	C.some	D.usual
21.
				[　　]
A.help	B.never	C.already	D.exactly
22.
				[　　]
A.areas	B.cities	C.mountains	D.villages
23.
				[　　]
A.keep	B.report	C.record	D.copy
24.
				[　　]
A.drops	B.dusts	C.photos	D.something
25.
				[　　]
A.national	B.general	C.terrible	D.possible

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：054

完形填空

　　Tadatoyo Yamamoto is a Japanese businessman.He 　1　the US from time to time.While he was 　2　at a hotel on a visit to Chicago,he put his bag on the 　3　.A few minutes 　4　,Mr Yamamoto reached down for it,but it was 　5　.Inside it were about ＄ 900,his passport(护照), 　6　of his family,and his 　7　tickets to Japan.

But three weeks 　8　he returned to Tokyo,Mr Yamamoto 　9　an envelope.There was 　10　inside but his passport,his airline tickets,photos of his family and 　11　orders for more than ＄900 and a 　12　from Mr Joseph Loveras.It said:

“I 　13　this money order and the things … will make you believe in the 　14　of Chicago.”

The next 　15　he travelled to the US,Mr Yamamoto 　16　Mr Loveras.He was a 67-year-old sick man with a total 　17　of ＄ 493 a month.

He explained that he 　18　the bag on a street corner and 　19　the money and the tickets in the top part of the 　20　.He changed the money into money orders and 　21　his own money to send it to Japan.

Mr Yamamoto was very 　22　by what Mr Loveras had done. “I asked him 　23　he would go to all the trouble to return 　24　to me.He told me that if he had not done it,it would have made him feel bad for the rest of his 　25　.”

Now they have become friends,and Mr Yamamoto visits Mr Loveras every time he is in the US.

1．
				[　　]
A．understands	B．studies	C．visits	D．calls
2．
				[　　]
A．looking	B．living	C．telephoning	D．sleeping
3．
				[　　]
A．table	B．floor	C．car	D．computer
4．
				[　　]
A．later	B．ago	C．before	D．earlier
5．
				[　　]
A．open	B．broken	C．down	D．gone
6．
				[　　]
A．information	B．photos	C．names	D．letters
7．
				[　　]
A．coming	B．return	C．written	D．waste
8．
				[　　]
A．when	B．before	C．after	D．till
9．
				[　　]
A．received	B．accepted	C．picked up	D．heard from
10．
				[　　]
A．anything	B．something	C．everything	D．nothing
11．
				[　　]
A．money	B．post	C．spoken	D．bank
12．
				[　　]
A．record	B．letter	C．programme	D．passage
13．
				[　　]
A．decide	B．believe	C．hope	D．learn
14．
				[　　]
A．service	B．hotels	C．police	D．people
15．
				[　　]
A．day	B．hour	C．time	D．way
16．
				[　　]
A．looked for	B．looked after	C．called at	D．called on
17．
				[　　]
A．unmber	B．income	C．saving	D．cost
18．
				[　　]
A．bought	B．tried	C．saw	D．picked
19．
				[　　]
A．found	B．paid	C．passed	D．changed
20．
				[　　]
A．bus	B．bag	C．jpise	D．wall
21．
				[　　]
A．shared	B．got	C．wasted	D．spent
22．
				[　　]
A．excited	B．surprised	C．moved	D．frigtened
23．
				[　　]
A．how	B．when	C．whether	D．why
24．
				[　　]
A．things	B．everything	C．the bag	D．the money
25．
				[　　]
A．life	B．country	C．city	D．family

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：054

完形填空

阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

This was one of my experiences 1 .When I was in my 30s,I was working for a large international company which had its head office in London. I was working in the 2 department.

The company had a training center which was just outside London. Different courses were held there throughout 3 and I 4 go on one training course a year. These usually started 5 a Sunday evening and lasted six days.

Once I was 6 a week’s training course with about forty 7 sales people. I was in the bar on the Friday evening and suddenly a woman who was 8 behind the bar asked me a curious question.“I hope you don’t 9 my asking,” she said, “but I’ve been 10 about it all week. Have you got a sister 　　11 Mary?” The woman’s name was June. And she used to do various jobs at the training center’s worked in the office, she organized all the food and drink for the center and she worked in the bar at lunch time and in the evening.

My answer 12 June’s question was “Yes”,and June said,“I thought 13 .I met her last September when she was organizing a course here.” At that time, my sister was working for 14 company but in a different part of the country. That was 15 she came to be at the training center.
16 surprised me was how June guessed we were brother and sister. Three things made it even more 　　17 .First, she had met my sister six months before she met me. Second, they have about sixty new people every week at the training center’s about one thousand five hundred people had 18 the center in those six months. And 19 ,my sister is married, so she doesn’t have the same family name as me.

We’re not 20 ,but I guess we must look quite like each other.

1. A.in work　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.out of work

C.at work　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.about work

2. A.selling　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.sales

C.sale　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.sold

3. A.the year　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.the month

C.the week　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.the day

4. A.used to　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.once

C.get used to　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.was used to

5. A.at　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.in

C.during　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.on

6. A.on　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.in

C.during　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.over

7. A.other 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.another

C.the other　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.one other

8. A.hearing 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.waiting

C.serving　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.seeing

9. A.matter 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.care for

C.remind of　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.mind

10. A.understanding 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.wondering

C.discovering　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.worrying

11. A.called　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.calling

C.calling on　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.calling up

12. A.of　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.about

C.to　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.for

13. A.that　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.it

C.such　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.so

14. A.the same 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.a different

C.another　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.the other

15. A.where　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.when

C.what　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.how

16. A.All　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.What

C.That　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.It

17. A.surprising　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.surprised

C.strange　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.puzzled

18. A.passed through　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.passed away

C.left　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.passed by

19. A.finally　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.at the end

C.at last　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.later

20. A.friends　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.relatives

C.twins　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.brother and sister

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：054

完形填空

　　One day Tom bought, for two dollars, a large number of used books. He put them in a ___1____ and pulled them to the ___2___ He had to ___3____ at work until three in the morning.

　　At three, he ___4____ to walk home. The streets were dark. Tom could ___5____ wait to arrive home to begin reading his new hooks.

　　“___6___”a voice shouted. But Tom was too ___7___ to hear the shout. A moment later, a gunshot went ___8____ his ear. He heard the shot. Tom turned to see what was ___9____. An angry policeman ran toward him. The policeman didn't think that the bag ____10___ Tom. He shouted at Tom,“Drop it!”Tom did so.

　　“Open it!”the policeman ____11_____.

　　Tom opened it and the old books ___12_____ out of it.

　　“Why didn't you stop ____13____ when I shouted?” the policeman asked,“If I could shoot ___14____, you would be dead.”“I didn't ____15____ you.”Tom said,“I am almost deaf.”

　　The policeman told Tom he was___16____for having shot at him.“___17____would be better for you not to walk on the ___18___ at night”he said.

　　Tom smiled, and told the policeman that his job____19____ a clerk in the telegraph office was a night job. The policeman could think of____20____ to answer this.

(1)A.basket		B.box
C.desk		D.bag
(2)A.office		B.bedroom
C.bookshop		D.police 　　 station
(3)A.read		B.study
C.remain		D.wait
(4)A.wanted		B.wished
C.began		D.expected
(5)A.eagerly		B.really
C.hardly		D)Almost
(6)A.Stop		B.Thief
C.Hello		D.Danger
(7)A.nervous	B.excited
C.deaf	D.frightened
(8)A.into	B.past
C.through	D.out
(9)A.shot	B.that
C.happening	D.trouble
(10)A.fixed	B.came 　　 from
C.belonged 　　 to	D.looked 　　 like
(11)A.ordered	B)Asked
C.begged	D.wanted
(12)A.poured	B.took
C.flew	D.fell
(13)A.hearing	B.running
C.singing	D.pulling
(14)A.earlier	B.later
C.in 　　 time	D.better
(15)A.see	B.hear
C.know	D.understand
(16)A.careless	B.surprised
C.sorry	D)Angry
(17)A.It	B.That
C.Things	D.This
(18)A.way	B.ground
C.time	D.streets
(19)A.with	B)As
C.like	D.being
(20)A.nothing	B.everything
C)Anything	D.something

查看答案和解析>>

同步练习册答案

练习册

高中

初中

小学