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1.名词的所有格的构成方法

①名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词,如果该名词为单数,在词尾上加上“’s”,即构成其所有格。“’s”含有“的”字之意。如:Tom’s bike。以“s”结尾的专有名词,在词尾可加“’s”“或 “’”,构成其所有格。如:Engles’s或(Engles’) works

②以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加“’ ”构成其所有格,如:a works’ school建筑工程学校

③不以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加“’s ”构成其所有格, 如:Women’s Day

④复合名词在末一个词的词尾上加“’s”构成其所有格,如:the editor-in-chief’s office总编辑室

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2.不规则变化

①改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式

man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice

特例:child-children

②单复数相同

sheep, deer, means, works

③合成名词

▲将主体名词变为复数

sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

▲无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数

grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches

▲将两部分都变为复数

women singers, men servants

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1.规则变化

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:boy - boys, pen - pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。

glass - glasses(box, watch, brush)

特例:stomach - stomachs

③以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如:

baby-babies   lady -ladies

注意:penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。

tomato - tomatoes, potato - potatoes, hero - heroes。

下列名词的复数只加-s。

radios,zoos,photos,pianos,kilos,tobaccos

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-es。

wife-wives   self - selves

特例:handkerchief-handkerchiefs(roof /chief )

gulf-gulfs

belief-beliefs

注意:

①有些名词的复数有其特殊的意义:

papers报纸,文件考卷  manners礼貌、习俗  goods货物      works工厂、作品、著作 

looks容貌,外表     glasses眼镜,杯子   greens青菜      times时代,次数、倍数

sands沙滩,沙地   irons脚镣,手铐,熨斗  spirits酒精,情绪   customs海关

letters文学      forces军队       riches财富      wishes祝愿

airs气派,架子,姿态  arms军火       damages赔偿金    compasses圆规 

waters水域      woods树林      goods货物      manners礼貌

greens青菜      ruins废墟

give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯      have words with sb. 同某人吵架    

②物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。

some coffee一些咖啡    a coffee一杯咖啡    three coffees三杯咖啡

some drink一些饮料     a drink一杯饮料    three drinks三杯饮料

his hair他的头发      a few grey hairs几根白发

③用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式,表示其全家人,或是其夫妇二人。姓氏复数前不加冠词,则表示若干个姓……的人

The Wangs are our good neighbors.王家是我们的好邻居

There are three Smiths in our group.我们小组有三个姓smith的。

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专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名,
团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词

特别注意名词类别的相互转换

个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换

例  句
意  义
名词性质
①She held some flowers in her hand.
②The trees are now in flower
花儿
个体名词
开花
抽象名词
Youth is beautiful.
②He is a youth of twenty
青春
抽象名词
年轻人
个体名词
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.
②-How about the Christmas evening party?
-I should say it was a success.
成功
抽象名词
成功的事
个体名词

物质名词与个体名词的相互转换

例  句
意  义
名词性质
Iron is a kind of metal.
②Please lend me your iron.

物质名词
熨斗
个体名词
①He broke a piece of glass.
②He broke a glass.
玻璃
物质名词
玻璃杯
个体名词
①I bought a chicken this morning
②Please help yourself to some chicken
小鸡
个体名词
鸡肉
物质名词

抽象名词与个体名词的转换

具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词(如:have等)连用,表示某一次短暂的动作
①-I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.
-Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful
A.some,a    B.an,some    C.some,some   D.an,a
②They sent us     word of the latest happenings. 消息 (抽象名词)
A.a      B.an      C./       D.the
③Could we have      word before you go to the meeting? (个体名词)
A.a      B.an      C./       D.the
类例:have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look
take a walk/a bath  make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)
/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分
①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.
A.a,  /      B.the, an     C.the, the     D. /, the
a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)
give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)
have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)
②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.
A.the happiest time   B.a more happier time 
C.much happiest time  D.a much happier time
     is money.
  A.The time     B.A time    C.Time    D.Times
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰
①Oh, John. _____you gave me!
A.How a pleasant surprise   B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise   D. What pleasant surprise
②She looked up      when I shouted.
A.in a surprise    B.in the surprise    C.in surprise    D.in some surprise
其它例子:The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise
③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.
A.so unusual     B. such unusual    C.such an unusual  D.so an unusual

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8.表示泛指的复数名词前

Horses are useful animals.

(二)名词和主谓一致

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7.以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时

husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night

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6.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前

We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent.

A. the; the     B.不填;the    C. the; 不填   D. 不填;不填

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5.表示球类,棋类等运动的名词前

He likes playing football/chess.

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4.表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前

Lincoln was made President of America.

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3.季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前

March, Sunday, National Day, spring

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