3. 不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物,称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物,
time 时间 --- times 时代,green 绿色 ---greens 青菜
(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物
eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦
(3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示
eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化
①改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse--mice
②单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,…
③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数
eg. a man doctor- men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers
注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式
eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数,
实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news
1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式:可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a或an”;复数形式是在名词后加 “-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种,规则变化及其读音可依照下表:
|
当名词为: |
词尾变化 |
读 音 |
例
词 |
|
一般情况 |
加s |
在清辅音后读/s/ |
chips, jeeps,
pats , clocks |
|
在浊辅音或元音后读/z/ |
boys,
sharpeners, sofas,
drawers |
||
|
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词 |
加es |
/iz/ |
watches,
boxes, classes,
brushes |
|
以字母o结尾的单词 |
加s或es |
/z/ |
zoos,
photos, bamboos,
tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, |
|
以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 |
去y 变i加es |
/z/ |
dictionaries, strawberries, |
|
以f 或fe结尾的单词 |
去f或fe 变v 加 es |
/vz/ |
leaves,
wives, halves |
|
以th结尾的词 |
加s |
/ðz/; /θz/ |
mouths,
paths; months,
deaths |
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时,则变为可数名词,而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒, work--- a work 工厂,著作 ,glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯, room空间---a room一个房间
|
名 词 |
类 别 |
意 义 |
例 词 |
|
|
专有名词 |
表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称 |
Jim , China, Qingdao,
the UK, the Great Wall |
||
|
普通名词 |
可 数 名 词 |
个体名词 |
表示单个人的人或事物 |
girl, student, factory, desk,
cat , country |
|
集合 名词 |
表示一群人或一些事物的总称 |
people, police, team, clothes, group, crew |
||
|
不 可 数 名 词 |
物质名词 |
表示无法分为个体的物质 |
water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli |
|
|
抽象名词 |
表示抽象概念的词 |
fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care |
注:1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”,但它不大写。
3.终止性动词不能与how long引导的疑问句连用。如下面两句话均有错误:
How long have you borrowed the book?
How long has his brother joined the army?
应改为:
How long have you kept the book?
How long has his brother been in the army?
2.终止性动词在其肯定句式中不能与表示一段时间的for状语连用。例如:
[误]He has left the station for twenty minutes.
[误]His grandfather has died for two years.
这是因为leave,die等动词所表示的动作都是瞬间性的,不可能延续几分钟、几小时或几年,所以,不能与for时间状语连用。我们可以用下列几种形式转换。
①将现在完成时改为一般过去时,同时把“for...”改为“...ago”。例如:
He left the station twenty minutes ago.
His grandfather died two years ago.
②用“It is+段时间+since+主语+过去动作”的句型来替换。 例如:
It is twenty minutes since he left the station.
It is two years since his grandfather died.
③用一个合适的延续性动词来替换终止性动词,如用have替换buy,用keep替换borrow等。但并不是所有的终止性动词都能找到一个合适的延续性动词来替换,所以我们还可用be的完成形式来替换,如上面两句中,我们可以把leave改换成be away(from);把die改换成be dead。例如:
He has been away from the station for twenty minutes.
His grandfather has been dead for two years.
终止性动词的肯定式不可延续,但它们的否定式可以延续一段时间,因为这个动作根本就未发生。例如:
He hasn’t come for two days.
他已经两天没来了。
I haven’t received her letter for three years.
我已经3年没收到她的来信了。
1.终止性动词与till(until)引导的从句或时间状语连用时,一般用否定形式,不用肯定形式。例如:
I can’t come till Tuesday.
我星期二以前不能来。
They aren’t going back to work until they get more money.
他们要到增加了工资才会回去工作。
1、any和some,二者都有“一些”的意思,any多用于疑问句和否定句,some 多用于肯定句。但在表示请求、邀请、期待肯定答复的问句中,常用some代替any。 I can see some flowers in the garden. I can’t see any trees there. Would you like some water? 2、borrow lend borrow常和from搭配,表示“借来”“借入” lend常与to搭配,表示“借给……”“借出” --Will you please lend me your bike? --Sorry, I’ve lent it to Tom. --Thank you all the same. I’ll borrow it from others. 3、take, bring, carry take:将某物或某人带离说话人那里。
bring则相反,是带到说话人处。例如: Bring your book here tomorrow. Could you take it to the classroom? carry是随身携带,不表明来去的方向,如: I can’t carry the box. It’s too heavy. 4、find, look for, find out find意为“找到”,look for是“寻找”,find out 是“发现、查明(真相)” I can’t find my ticket. I’m looking for it. They are trying to find out who broke the window. 5、look, see, watch look是“看”,经常和at搭配,look at看…… 如:Look at the picture. see是“看见”。如: Can you see the picture? watch是“观看”如: I was watching TV at ten yesterday. 6、other, the other, others, another other可作为形容词,意为“其他的”如: What other things can you see? 要注意掌握one…the other的用法,表示(两者中的)一个…另一个,如: I have two balls. One is red, the other is green. others泛指另外的人或物。the others表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”,如: Some students are playing basketball, (the) others are playing football. another意为“另一个”。如: I want another apple. 7、speak, say, talk, tell speak重在指人们对语言的掌握或使用。
say强调说话的内容,
talk指交谈或连续说话,常与with或to搭配。
tell意为告诉。如: I can speak a little English. He said he was going to be a teacher. What are they talking about? Can you tell me the way to the cinema? 8、too, also, either too, also, either都表示“也”。
too用在句末,只用于肯定句。
also置于句中,也只用于肯定句。
either通常置于句末,用于否定句。如: I am a teacher, too. She is also a teacher. He isn’t a teacher, either. 9、reach, arrive, get to 三者都表示到达。
“get to +地点”多用于口语。
reach是及物动词,后面直接加地点。
arrive是不及物动词,要用介词in或at再加地点,较大地点用in,较 小的地点用at, 如: Have they arrived in Beijing? They reached Beijing last night. I get to school at seven every day. 10、cost, pay, spend cost的主语只能是“物”,不能是人。
spend一般是用人而不是用物做主语。
cost 表示“值(多少)钱”“花费”,
spend表示“花费”“度过”。
pay表示付款。 可以记住下列句型: 1)主语(物)+cost+sb.+sth. 2)主语(人)+spend+ + 3)pay与for连用,主语(人)+pay for …… 请看例句: I paid ten yuan for the book. I spend ten yuan on the book. The book cost me ten yuan.
operate---operation 2、名词---名词 farm---farmer police---policeman French---Frenchman 3、名词---形容词 care---careful use---useful sun---sunny cloud---cloudy wind---windy rain---rainy America---American China---Chinese interest---interesting difference---different ice---icy 4、形容词---副词 quick---quickly happy---happily possible---possibly
true---truly polite---politely wide---widely 5、形容词---反义词 happy---unhappy usual---unusual able---unable 二、常用词、词组和短语的英语解释: 例如:
look after-take care of right away-at once right now-now have a rest-take a rest in the middle of-in the centre of
do well in-be good at 三、兼类词和多义词的词类及用法: 例如:
1、right adj. 正确的 I’m wrong. You are right. 我错了你是对的。 adv. 恰恰,正好 It’s right on your head. 它正好在你头上。 n. 右边 Li Ming sits on my right. 李明坐在我右边。 2、back n. 背,后背,后部 Put your hands behind your back.把手放在背后。 adv. 向后,回原处
He’ll be back(adv.) in ten minutes. 他十分钟后回来。 3、poor adj.贫穷的 ‚可怜的 ƒ不好的 He was too poor to buy a new coat. 他穷得买不起一件新外套。 The poor old man had no room to live in. 这位可怜的老人没有地方住。 I’m poor at singing. 我不擅于唱歌。 4、call v. 称呼,取名 ‚呼唤,叫来 ƒ大声说,叫喊
The boy was called Mingming. 这个男孩被叫做明明。 You’d better call a doctor. 你最好请位医生。
I hear someone calling. 我听见有人在叫。
n. 叫,喊 ‚(一次)电话,通话 I heard a call for help. 我听到呼救的声音。 I’ll give you a call later. 我以后再给你打电话。 四、同义词(近义词),反义词(对应词)的词类及用法: 例如:
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