3、
(2009年海南物理)一长直铁芯上绕有一固定线圈M,铁芯右端与一木质圆柱密接,木质圆柱上套有一闭合金属环N,N可在木质圆柱上无摩擦移动。M连接在如图所示的电路中,其中R为滑线变阻器,E1和E2为直流电源,S为单刀双掷开关。下列情况中,可观测到N向左运动的是
A.在S断开的情况下,S向a闭合的瞬间
B.在S断开的情况下,S向b闭合的瞬间
C.在S已向a闭合的情况下,将R的滑动头向c端移动时
D.在S已向a闭合的情况下,将R的滑动头向d端移动时
答案:C
2、(2009年海南物理)2.一根容易形变的弹性导线,两端固定。导线中通有电流,方向如图中箭头所示。当没有磁场时,导线呈直线状态:当分别加上方向竖直向上、水平向右或垂直于纸面向外的匀强磁场时,描述导线状态的四个图示中正确的是
![]()
答案:D
1、(2009年广东理科基础)带电粒子垂直匀强磁场方向运动时,会受到洛伦兹力的作用。下列表述正确的是
A.洛伦兹力对带电粒子做功
B.洛伦兹力不改变带电粒子的动能
C.洛伦兹力的大小与速度无关
D.洛伦兹力不改变带电粒子的速度方向
答案.B
14.(延庆县)能够说明光具有粒子性的现象是
A. 光的干涉现象 B. 光的衍射现象 C. 光的色散现象 D. 光电效应现象
14.(宣武区)在下列物理现象中,属于光的干涉现象的有( )
A.雨后天上的彩虹
B.透过树叶间隙的阳光在地面上形成圆形光斑
C.阳光下肥皂泡上的彩色花纹
D.水中看上去十分明亮的空气泡
15.(丰台区)光具有波粒二象性。下列有关光的现象和应用与光的粒子性有关的是
A.太阳光下物体的阴影轮廓模糊不清是光的衍射现象
B.高级照相机镜头表面涂了一层增透膜是利用光的干涉现象
C.光控电路的关键元件是光电管(光电传感器),它的原理是利用了光电效应
D.摄影爱好者常在照相机镜头前装一片偏振滤光片使景像更清晰是利用光的偏振现象
(海淀区)15.如图4所示,一束复色光斜射到置于空气中的厚平板玻璃(上、下表面平行)的上表面,复色光穿穿过玻璃后从下表面射出,变为a、b两束平行单色光。关于这两束单色光,下列说法中正确的是
A.此玻璃对a光的折射率小于对b光的折射率
B.在此玻璃中a光的全反射临界角小于b光的全反射临界角
C.在此玻璃中a光的传播速度大于b光的传播速度
D.用同一双缝干涉装置进行实验,可看到a光的干涉条纹间距比b光的宽
(石景山区)14. 在信息技术迅猛发展的今天,光盘是存储信息的一种重要媒介.光盘上的信息通常是通过激光束来读取的.若激光束不是垂直投射到盘面上,则光线在通过透明介质层时会发生偏折而改变行进的方向,如图所示.下列说法中正确的是
A.图中光束①是红光,光束②是蓝光
B.在光盘的透明介质层中,光束①比光束②传播速度更快
C.若光束①、②先后通过同一单缝衍射装置,光束①的中央亮纹比光束②的窄
D.若光束①、②先后通过同一双缝干涉装置,光束①的条纹宽度比光束②的宽
(西城区)13.华裔科学家高锟获得2009年诺贝尔物理奖,他被誉为“光纤通讯之父”。 光纤通讯中信号传播的主要载体是光导纤维,它的结构如图所示,其内芯和外套材料不同,光在内芯中传播。下列关于光导纤维的说法中正确的是
A.内芯的折射率比外套的大,光传播时在内芯与外套的界面上发生全反射
B.内芯的折射率比外套的小,光传播时在内芯与外套的界面上发生全反射
C.波长越短的光在光纤中传播的速度越大
D.频率越大的光在光纤中传播的速度越大
14.(崇文区)如图所示,细光束AO以45°的入射角从某种介质射向空气时,分成a、b两束,a光频率为ν1,b光频率为v2。关于这两种单色光,下列说法中正确的是
A.从该介质射向空气时,a光发生全反射时的临界角一定大于45°
B.该介质对b光的折射率一定小于![]()
C.用a光和b光分别做双缝干涉实验,若实验条件相同,
则b光在屏上形成的明条纹的间距较小
D.若用a光照射某金属板能发生光电效应,则用b光照射
该金属板也一定能发生光电效应
(东城区)14.某同学在实验室做测定玻璃折射率实验时,用测得的多组入射角θ1和折射角θ2作出sinθ1-sinθ2图线如图所示。下列判断中正确的是
A.他做实验时,光是由玻璃射人空气
B.玻璃的折射率为0.67
C.玻璃的折射率为0.33
D.玻璃全反射时的临界角的正弦值为0.67
1. It is often said_______teachers have_______very easy life A. /; / B. /; a C. the; / D. the; a 2. To tell you_______truth, it seems to me that you are not being treated with_______respect due to a King. A./; / B. the; the C. /; the D. the; / 3.-I had a good holiday at my uncle’s. -_______. A. Oh, I’m glad to hear that. B. Oh,that’s very nice of you. C. My pleasure D. I’m glad to see you 4. It’s just________among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal. A. much as a competition B. as a much competition C. a competition as much D. as much a competition 5. We were_______happy to know the manned spaceship Shenzhou landed on the earth successfully. A. more than B. other than C. rather than D. less than 6. Both look very strong and fast,________one runner speeds ahead and wins the race. A. Therefore B. And C. But D. While 7. Careful study shows that the best athletes win______,______they think then can win. A.mostly, because B. almost; as C. partly; for D.nearly; since 8. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the_______.,after she bought some vegetables A. 20 dollars remained B.20 dollars left C. left 20 dollars D.remaining 20 dollars 9. He hasn’t slept at all for three days._______he is tired out. A. It is no wonder B. There is no need C. There is no point D. It is no way 10. I’m worn out,_______,the bike doesn’t work well,_______I can’t go further. A. apart from; so B. except for; because C. beside; because D. besides; so 11. ________is known to u all, America is a developed country_______the first world. A. As; belonging B. which; belongec C. as; belonging to D. which; belonged to 12. - Did you visit the Big Ben in London? -No, we _______it, but we spent too much time shopping. A. could visit B. could have visited C. must ahave visited it D. can have visited 13. Mary passed the driving test,________surprised everyone in the office A. which B. what C. this D. it 14. He wanted to pass the exam and styed up very late, this__creates further problems. A. in turn B. in case C . in doubt D. in short 15. Treat_______to ________tea to help you relax at the end of the woek. A. on; a B. oneself; the C. you; / D. yourself; a 16. ________the watch_______and see if something is wrong with it. A. Take; apart B. Take; out C. Put; apart D. Put; out 17. They peasants did what they_______the crops, but failed. A. could save B. could saving C. could to save D. could saved 18. ________, tears came down. A. Hearing the bad news B. Heard the bad news C. when to hear the bad news D. When he heard the bad news 19. The rainy season________for six months and water gets in among the stones. A. stays B. remains C. continues D. lasts 20. As I walked________the countryyards, I noticed how the peasants devoted hours to cleaning it A. across B. down C.through D. along 21. “Where are we now?”________few minutes one of the students asked me the same question. A. A B.Each B.Another D.Every 22. I wonder_______will become my daughter. As well as endless homework, she also bears other leading loads such as revision and recitation. A. which B. what C. that D.it 23.-We heard that he had gone abroad. -________. A. So did he B. So he did C. Neither did he D. Nor did he 24. - You failed again in the maths exam yesterday. -Don’t tell Dad about it; if he knows that, I’m_______dead. A. as well as B. as much as C.as good as D. as many as 25. The oranges_______nice ,but________badly this year. A. are tasted; aren’t sold B.taste;sell C. are tasted; sell D. taste; are sold 26. There________to be a wasteland and now stands a building. A. used B. seems C. was D.appeared 27. Are you going to attend the meeting________next Saturday? A.holding B. held C. which will hold D. to be held 28. You can____this English programme____the air easily with your short-wave radio. A. pick out; over B. pick up; on C. choose; through D. choose; by 29. The host country________vast facilities,________a stadium,swimming pools and living quarters A. offers ;containing B. gives; included C. awards; contained D. provides; including 30. Most people who have AIDS manage to_______only a few years after they get the disease. A.live B.survive C. continue D.go on 31. ________the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 32. It was difficult to guess what her ________to the news would be. A. impression B. comment C. reaction D. opinion 33. Our attitude toward our teachers should be ________, but not slavish or superstitious. A. respectable B. respected C. respective D. respectful 34. We could see that he was trying to ________his own responsibility for the delay, instead of accepting his fault. A. run over B. smooth over C. pass off D. turn down 35.. Glemp's heroic flight into space entitled him ________a place in history A. for B. with C. to D. of 36. He's ________drink and never does a stroke of work. A. gone to B. taken to C. taken up D. gone for 37. "Who is responsible for sending out misinformation?" "Most of the fault lies ________the administration." A. in B. to C. on D. with 38. People who live in a small village are bound to see a good ________of each other. A. sum B. quantity C. deal D. amount 39. Maria ________missed the first train so as to travel on the same one as John. A. deliberately B. intensively C. decisively D. objectively 40. They always kept on good ________with their next-door neighbors for the children's sake A. friendship B. relations C. intentions D. terms 41. Do you think a wife should ________her habits and tastes to those of her husband? A. comply B. confirm C. consent D. conform 42.. He was afraid that the branch might bend over and break, and he would be sent ________to the ground. A. crashing B. throwing C. falling D. dropping 43. High interest rates ________people from borrowing money. A. discourage B. decrease C. disturb D. disgust 44. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of ________standards. A. equivalent B. equal C. alike D. likely 45. The two things are the same in outward form but different ________. A. in addition B. in brief C. in common D. in essence 46. ________it is a good thing I did not get the post I had applied for, though I must admit that I was disappointed at the time. A. By the way B. In a way C. In the way D. In no way 47. ________inviting guests and not treating them properly! A. Strangely B. Fantastically C. Surprisingly D. Fancy 48. With sufficient scientific information a manned trip to Mars should be ________ A. obtainable B. potential C. considerable D. feasible 49. The generation ________makes it difficult for parents to understand their children's opinions. A. division B. gap C. separation D . interval 50. If the boy had ________the dog alone it wouldn't have bitten him. A. set B. left C. had D. put 1. [解析]B 前一个空复数名词前的泛指为零冠词,后一个空为泛指概念的单数意思是人生、生活 2. [解析]B 第一个空为固定短语中的冠词;第二个空为不可数名词的特指。 3. [解析]A 考查交际用语。依据前面的意思,答语应该是“我很高兴听到这个”。B项答复对方的帮助;C为“别客气,不用谢”, D 为见面时用语。 4. [解析]D 考查比较的表达方式。as+adj./adv.原形+as表示同级的比较。其中名词a competition 要放在much之后表示程度。 5. [解析]A 考查副词短语。 More than+adj.表示“非常,很”的意思,此处是很高兴;other than意思是“不同于。除了”;rather than 意思是“胜过,而不是”;less than少于,决不。 6. [解析]C 考查连词辨析。按照both和one的关系此处应该是转折。 7. [解析]A 考查副词词义辨析和连词的词义辨析。依据句意前果后因,前面的空应是大多数为佳。 8. [解析]D 考查leave 与remain 在with结构中的辨析。语义和词义用remaining 20 dollars 9.[解析]A 考查短语的辨析。No wonder 难怪;B,C我对---没用;D为不可能,决不。 10.[解析]D 考查副词、介词和连词的用法。Besides可用作副词,表示“而且,此外”,起补充说明作用,其他三项均为介词。而前面是原因,因此选D 。句意为:我精疲力尽,此外,自行车也坏了,因此我不能往前走了 11.[解析]C 考查as 与which的辨析和belong短语的用法。 12.[解析]B 考查情态动词的用法。依据句意原本能够事实并非如此,用could have done 形式。 13.[解析]A 考查非限制性定语从句中关系代词的辨析。which 指代前面的整个句子what 不用于定语从句;如果用C,D时前面必须用连词,否则就是定语从句。 14.[解析]A 考查介词短语的辨析。In turn 轮流,反过来,依据句意是反过来的意思。In case假使,以防万一;in doubt 不确定,拿不准;in short总之,简言之。 15.[解析]D 考查词的习惯用法。Treat oneself to sth. 用某物款待自己;a tea=acup of tea 16.[解析]A. 考查固定短语的用法。Take---apart,意思是“把---拆开”。依据语义选择。 17.[解析]C 考查句子结构。从句what they could(do)作动词did的宾语,不定式to save the crops作全句的目的状语。防止误选A. 18.[解析]D 考查的非谓语动词形式。前后主语保持一致,因此选D 19.[解析]D 考查动词词义辨析。此处是持续不是继续 20.[解析]C 考查介词和动词的搭配。through从空间里穿过;across从物体的表面过去。 21.[解析]D 考查不定代词的用法。every few minutes每几分钟。Each 后接单数名词;another few minutes意为“再有几分钟”,与语境不符;a few minutes不能做时间状语。 22.[解析]B 考查宾语从句连接词的用法。突破点必须依据语义。句意是“我不知道女儿将来会怎样,除了没完没了的作业,她还要承受其他的像复习和背诵这样的主要负担”。 23.[解析]B 考查倒装句的特殊用法。同一主语表示的是附和和肯定。句式为so+主语+系动词/助动词/情态动词句型。 24.[解析]C 考查as---as短语的辨析。As good as 意思是“和-一样”“几乎,等于”。句意为别告诉爸爸,如果他知道了,我肯定死定(像死了一样)。 25.[解析]B 考查语态。Taste 为系动词无被动语态,sell 为不及物动词,意思是“卖起来”。 26.[解析]A 考查there be 句型。依据语义前后对比。 27.[解析]D 考查不定式作定语的用法。 28.[解析]B 考查动词和介词的辨析。题意为用你的短波收音机,你可以再广播上或无线电上接收节目。pick up “接收节目”on the air“在广播上”。 29.[解析]D 考查动词词义辨析。 Provide 提供;offer(主动)给予;give送给;award授予;contain全部包括;include 部分包括。 30.[解析]B 考查动词词义辨析。Survive幸存;live 住,生活;continue 继续;go on继续进行 31.[解析] B.考查虚拟语气的用法。 but for(=without, except for)若非,要不是 32.[解析]C. 考查名词词义辨析。 reaction(to)对......的反应,依据语义选择。 33.[解析] D. 考查respect的变化辨析。 respectable值得尊敬的,品行端正的。respectful有礼貌的,表示尊敬的。respective各个的。respected尊敬的。Respecting prep.关于,说到。 34.[解析] B. 考查动词短语的区分。 smooth over使平息,使恢复正常的,掩饰;run over 溢出;pass off 事件发生; turn down拒绝,关小 35.[解析]C. 考查介词和动词的搭配。 entitle sb. to sth给予权利。 36.[解析]B. 考查动词短语的辨析。take to养成(某种习惯)。本题意思是他已经成了酒徒,从来没有干过一件工作。 37.[解析] D. 考查介词和动词的搭配。lie with应由.......(承担责任);(作出决定等)得靠...... )lie in在于 38.[解析] C. 考查名词与动词的搭配。see a good deal of each other 经常见面。 39.[解析] A.考查副词词义辨析。 deliberately(=on purpose, intentionally)故意地;存心地。Intensively 深入细致地 decisively 果断,明确;objectively客观地。 40.[解析] D. 考查名词和动词的搭配。keep(be)on good terms with与......和睦相处。 41.[解析]D. 考查动词词义辨析。conform vi遵守,符号conform sth. to sth. else(vt)使符合; comply with遵守;confirm使坚定,确认,证实;consent(to)同意,赞同 42.[解析]A. 考查动词词义辨析。.crash(to the ground)猛跌(到地上)。Crash n. 常指飞机等的“失事”,本句中用falling不妥,fall指“落下,掉下”,本身并不强调落下的速度,而crash使“猛跌”,故本题用crashing最佳。 43.[解析]A. 考查同字母动词词义辨析。discourage sb. from doing sth.使认为某事不值得做;decrease 减少;disturb打扰;disgust使厌烦。 44.[解析]A. 考查形容词词义辨析.equivalent相等的,相当的:He exchanged his pounds for the equivalent amount of dollars. uniform 相同的,一样的。Likely adj.很可能的,有希望的。alike(表语形容词)相同的,相象的 45.[解析]D. 考查介词短语词义辨析。in essence本质上;in addition此外;in brief简短地,简言之;in common共同 46.[解析]B. 考查way短语词义辨析。.in a way在某种程度上;in no way决不;by the way 顺便提一下;in the way 碍事。此题不能选by the way,因为by the way 做插入语其后应加逗号。本题意思是我没有得到我申请得工作在某种程度上说是件好事,尽管我承认当时我很失望。 47.[解析]D考查facy的用法。fancy doing 没想到.......竟然。本题意思是“没想到邀请了客人竟没有好好招待!” 48.[解析]D. 考查形容词词义辨析。feasible可行的,可做到的;obtainable可得到的; considerable相当的,可观的;potential潜在的,可能的 49.[解析]B考查名词词义辨析。generation gap 代沟。division分,划分;separation分开;interval间隔,间隙;(幕间或工间)休息。at intervals 不时,时时 50.[解析]B. 考查动词短语词义辨析。leave sb./sth. alone不惹,不管,不碰
6.玻璃砖
所谓玻璃砖一般指横截面为矩形的棱柱。当光线从上表面入射,从下表面射出时,其特点是:⑴射出光线和入射光线平行;⑵各种色光在第一次入射后就发生色散;⑶射出光线的侧移和折射率、入射角、玻璃砖的厚度有关;⑷可利用玻璃砖测定玻璃的折射率。
例题分析
例1:直角三棱镜的顶角α=15°, 棱镜材料的折射率n=1.5,一细束单色光如图所示垂直于左侧面射入,试用作图法求出该入射光第一次从棱镜中射出的光线。
解:由n=1.5知临界角大于30°小于45°,边画边算可知该光线在射到A、B、C、D各点时的入射角依次是75°、60°、45°、30°,因此在A、B、C均发生全反射,到D点入射角才第一次小于临界角,所以才第一次有光线从棱镜射出。
例2:如图所示,一条长度为L=5.0m的光导纤维用折射率为n=
的材料制成。一细束激光由其左端的中心点以α= 45°的入射角射入光导纤维内,经过一系列全反射后从右端射出。求:⑴该激光在光导纤维中的速度v是多大?⑵该激光在光导纤维中传输所经历的时间是多少?
解:⑴由n=c/v可得v=2.1×108m/s
⑵由n=sinα/sinr可得光线从左端面射入后的折射角为30°,射到侧面时的入射角为60°,大于临界角45°,因此发生全反射,同理光线每次在侧面都将发生全反射,直到光线达到右端面。由三角关系可以求出光线在光纤中通过的总路程为s=2L/
,因此该激光在光导纤维中传输所经历的时间是t=s/v=2.7×10-8s。
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例3:如图所示,一细束红光和一细束蓝光平行射到同一个三棱镜上,经折射后交于光屏上的同一个点M,若用n1和n2分别表示三棱镜对红光和蓝光的折射率,下列说法中正确的是
A.n1<n2,a为红光,b为蓝光 B.n1<n2,a为蓝光,b为红光
C.n1>n2,a为红光,b为蓝光 D.n1>n2,a为蓝光,b为红光
解:由图可知,b光线经过三棱镜后的偏折角较小,因此折射率较小,是红光。
例4:如图所示,自行车的尾灯采用了全反射棱镜的原理。它虽然本身不发光,但在夜间骑行时,从后面开来的汽车发出的强光照到尾灯后,会有较强的光被反射回去,使汽车司机注意到前面有自行车。尾灯的原理如图所示,下面说法中正确的是
A.汽车灯光应从左面射过来在尾灯的左表面发生全反射
B.汽车灯光应从左面射过来在尾灯的右表面发生全反射
C.汽车灯光应从右面射过来在尾灯的左表面发生全反射
D.汽车灯光应从右面射过来在尾灯的右表面发生全反射
解:利用全反射棱镜使入射光线偏折180°,光线应该从斜边入射,在两个直角边上连续发生两次全反射。所以选C。
例5:如图所示,两细束平行的单色光a、b射向同一块玻璃砖的上表面,最终都从玻璃砖的下表面射出。已知玻璃对单色光a的折射率较小,那么下列说法中正确的有
A.进入玻璃砖后两束光仍然是平行的
B.从玻璃砖下表面射出后,两束光不再平行
C.从玻璃砖下表面射出后,两束光之间的距离一定减小了
D.从玻璃砖下表面射出后,两束光之间的距离可能和射入前相同
解:进入时入射角相同,折射率不同,因此折射角不同,两束光在玻璃内不再平行,但从下表面射出时仍是平行的。射出时两束光之间的距离根据玻璃砖的厚度不同而不同,在厚度从小到搭变化时,该距离先减小后增大,有可能和入射前相同(但左右关系一定改变了)。
例6:如图所示,AB为一块透明的光学材料左侧的端面。建立直角坐标系如图,设该光学材料的折射率沿y轴正方向均匀减小。现有一束单色光a从原点O以某一入射角θ由空气射入该材料内部,则该光线在该材料内部可能的光路是下图中的哪一个?
解:如图所示,由于该材料折射率由下向上均匀减小,可以设想将它分割成折射率不同的薄层。光线射到相邻两层的界面时,如果入射角小于临界角,则射入上一层后折射角大于入射角,光线偏离法线。到达更上层的界面时入射角逐渐增大,当入射角达到临界角时发生全反射,光线开始向下射去直到从该材料中射出。
例7:如图所示,用透明材料做成一长方体形的光学器材,要求从上表面射入的光线可能从右侧面射出,那么所选的材料的折射率应满足
A.折射率必须大于![]()
B.折射率必须小于![]()
C.折射率可取大于1的任意值
D.无论折射率是多大都不可能
解:从图中可以看出,为使上表面射入的光线经两次折射后从右侧面射出,θ1和θ2都必须小于临界角C,即θ1<C,θ2<C,而θ1+θ2=90°,故C>45°,n=1/sinC<
,选B答案。
例8:如图所示,一束平行单色光a垂直射向横截面为等边三角形的棱镜的左侧面,棱镜材料的折射率是
。试画出该入射光射向棱镜后所有可能的射出光线。
解:由折射率为
得全反射临界角是45°。光线从左侧面射入后方向不发生改变,射到右侧面和底面的光线的入射角都是60°,大于临界角,因此发生全反射。反射光线分别垂直射向底面和右侧面。在底面和右侧面同时还有反射光线。由光路可逆知,它们最终又从左侧面射出。所有可能射出的光线如图所示。
5.光导纤维
全反射的一个重要应用就是用于光导纤维(简称光纤)。光纤有内、外两层材料,其中内层是光密介质,外层是光疏介质。光在光纤中传播时,每次射到内、外两层材料的界面,都要求入射角大于临界角,从而发生全反射。这样使从一个端面入射的光,经过多次全反射能够没有损失地全部从另一个端面射出。
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