2．《红楼梦》第二回《贾夫人仙逝扬州城，冷子兴演说荣国府》中，有一段冷子兴的叙述：“那周岁时，政老爷试他将来的志向，便将世上所有的东西摆了无数叫他抓，谁知他一概不取，伸手只把脂粉钗环抓来玩弄，那政老爷便不喜欢，说将来不过酒色之徒。”这是贾宝玉抓周的一个镜头，贾政的评价完全是唯心的，倘从唯物的角度出发，一个周岁婴儿，抓取脂粉钗环是理所当然的，因为脂粉钗环色彩最美，不仅贾宝玉，李宝玉、张宝玉也照样如此。可见，不管身处绝境的民族，还是一个不懂事的孩子都爱美，但是怎样认识美呢？我们今天要学一篇关于“美”的经典之作：《论美》。

同学们，今天我们要学习十七世纪英国伟大的哲学家弗兰西斯·培根的《论美》。一说到美，我就情不自禁地想到这样两件事。

1．1946年，二战刚刚结束，德国历经战火的城市，到处颓垣残壁，一片惨象。一天，有两个美国人访问了一户住在地下室的德国居民，然后，这两个人有一番发人深思的谈话：“你看他们能够重建家园吗？”

“一定能！”

“你为什么回答得这样肯定？”

“你没看到他们在地下室的桌子上放着什么吗？”

“一瓶花。”

“对，任何一个民族，处在这样一个困苦的境地，还没有忘记美，那就一定能在废墟上重建家园。”

第一课时

2、学习杂感的写法，联系相关知识，表达自己对美的理解。

1、初步了解培根的审美观，品味文章的有关论述，培养锤炼语言的意识。

2、 学习作者格言式的语言和惜墨如金的写法。

1、理解美的真正含义，形成对美的正确认识。

(三)关于培根

弗兰西斯·培根 (1561-1626年) 是英国唯物主义哲学家。他出身于伦敦一个新贵族家庭，曾历任宫廷要职。1621年他被控受贿，免除一切官职，从此潜心从事著述。但他的主要理论著述都是在做官期间完成的。培根以知识论作为自己哲学的中心问题。他既指出人必须服从自然规律，又强调人的作为。他认为掌握了自然规律，人类在认识上会获得真理，在行动上会得到自由。培根在反经院哲学的斗争中，建立了自己的唯物主义经验论。他认为知识起源于经验，因此提倡观察和实验。但他也强调感性认识与理性认识的结合，因此指出不要做只收集材料的蚂蚁，也不要做只从自身吐丝结网的蜘蛛，而要做既采集又加工的蜜蜂。培根在他的《新工具论》一书中，阐述了建立真正归纳法的设想。他认为归纳的一个基本原则就是不能跳跃地而是逐步地从感性上升到理性，因此他反对那种从经验材料一下子飞到最普遍公理的认识方法。

(二)《论美》另一译文

谈美(水天同译)

德行犹如宝石，朴素最美；其于人也，则有德者但须形体悦目，不必面貌俊秀，与其貌美，不若气度恢宏。人不尽知：绝色无大德也；一如自然劳碌终日，但求无过，而无力制成上品。因此美男子有才而无壮志，重行而不重德。但亦不尽然。罗马大帝奥古斯特与泰特思，法王菲力浦，英王爱德华四世，古雅典之亚西拜提斯，波斯之伊斯迈帝，皆有宏图壮志而又为当时最美之人也。/美不在颜色艳丽而在面目端正，又不尽在面目端正而在举止文雅合度。美之极致，非图画所能表，乍见所能识。举凡最美之人，其部位比例，必有异于常人之处。阿贝尔与杜勒皆画家也，其画人像也，一则按照几何学之比例，一则集众脸形之长于一身，二者谁更不智，实难断言，窃以为此等画像除画家本人外，恐无人喜爱也。余不否认画像之美可以超绝尘寰，但此美必为神笔，而非可依规矩得之者，乐师之谱成名曲亦莫不皆然。人面如逐部细察，往往一无是处，观其整体则光彩夺目。/美之要素既在于举止，则年长美过年少亦无足怪。古人云：“万美之中秋为最。”年少而著美名，率由宽假，盖鉴其年事之少，而补其形体之不足也。/ 美者犹如夏日蔬果，易腐难存，要之，年少而美者常无行，年长而美者不免面有惭色。虽然，但须托体得人，则德行因美而益彰，恶行见美而愈愧。　　　　　　　　 (选自《世界文学》1961年第1期)

(一)《论美》原文

Of　Beauty　

VIRTUE is like a rich stone, best plain set; and surely virtue is best, in a body that is comely, though not of delicate features; and that hath rather dignity of presence, than beauty of aspect. Neither is it almost seen, that very beautiful persons are otherwise of great virtue; as if nature were rather busy, not to err, than in labor to produce excellency. 　And therefore they prove accomplished, but not of great spirit; and study rather behavior, than virtue. But this holds not always: for Augustus Caesar, Titus Vespasianus, Philip le Belle of France, Edward the Fourth of England, Alcibiades of Athens, Ismael the Sophy of Persia, were all high and great spirits; and yet the most beautiful men of their times. 　In beauty, that of favor, is more than that of color; and that of decent and gracious motion, more than that of favor. That is the best part of beauty, which a picture cannot express; no, nor the first sight of the life. 　There is no excellent beauty, that hath not some strangeness in the proportion. 　A man cannot tell whether Apelles, or Albert Durer, were the more trifler; whereof the one, would make a personage by geometrical proportions; the other, by taking the best parts out of divers faces, to make one excellent. Such personages, I think, would please nobody, but the painter that made them. Not but I think a painter may make a better face than ever was; but he must do it by a kind of felicity (as a musician that maketh an excellent air in music), and not by rule. 　A man shall see faces, that if you examine them part by part, you shall find never a good; and yet altogether do well. If it be true that the principal part of beauty is in decent motion, certainly it is no marvel, though persons in years seem many times more amiable; pulchrorum autumnus pulcher; for no youth can be comely but by pardon, and considering the youth, as to make up the comeliness. 　Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last; and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance; but yet certainly again, if it light well, it maketh virtue shine, and vices blush.