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3.so far;till now;by now(到目前为止;迄今) 

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2.since+点时刻或从句; for+段时间; how long(疑问句中用来提问since/for短语的) 

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1.already(已经), just(刚刚), never(从未/从没有), ever(曾经), yet(仍然/还), before(以前(句尾时)   

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4.转换成 be+介词短语go to school– be in school ; get up_ be up; 

现在完成时态常见标志词 

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2.转换成be+名词 

 join the army – be a soldier;join the Party –be a Party member; 

go to school– be a student   

3转换成be+形容词或副词 

  die-be dead;finish – be over;begin-be on;leave-be away ; fall sleep – be asleep close – be closed  come to/ go to/arrive at(in)+某地-be in(at) +某地 

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1.直接用延续性动词 

 buy– have;catch(get) a cold –have a cold;borrow-keep;become-be;put on-- wear 

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2.某个动作从过去已经开始,一直持续到现在,还有可能持续到将来.动作的持续性要通过一段时间来表示一段时间的表达方法有两种: 

for: +一段时间for a year  for two weeksfor three years 

Since +过去的某一时刻, since nine  since last week 

  Since +一般过去时态的时间状语从句 since you came ;  since you got home. 

注意:结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是它们可以转换成相应的延续性动词. 

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4.He has never been to  Beijing  before. 

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3.I have not finished the homework yet.       

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2.We have studied English already. 

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