4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。

3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。

4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)

　独立主格结构的用法

　独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.

2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。

　(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。

　(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。

1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。

8. It being +名词(代词)如：

　It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

　It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

　注：正如新概念中的例子，独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。

　如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。

　He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。

　She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

　He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

　I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。

　He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。

　All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

　I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。

　使用独立主格四点注意：

7. There being +名词(代词)如：

　There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

　There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。