1. 时间状语：

Working in the factory, he learned a lot from the workers.

Having read the letter, she got very excited.

注①：现在分词作时间,原因状语：如果分词所表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，用现在分词的一般式。如果分词动作明显在谓语之前发生，用现分完成式。

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

Having arrived at the factory, they immediately set to work.

注②：在作时间状语的分词前，可加连词while, when, 介词after, before, on.

Be careful when crossing the street.

Don’t mention this while talking to him.

On arriving in London, he managed to get in touch with her.

=As soon as he arrived in London.

9. They could work as an English teacher in Vietnam or perhaps even work in a nature reserve protecting kangaroos in Australia or zebras in Africa. (P30 L6) 他们可能在越南当英语老师，或者甚至在自然保护区工作，保护澳大利亚的袋鼠或非洲的斑马。

本句中划线部分为现在分词作伴随状语。

分词作为状语的用法。

现在分词作状语：时间，条件，伴随方式，原因，结果　　　　

8. Traditionally, a student leaving school at eighteen would go straight to university and study for three or four years before joining the world of work and beginning the slow climb up the career ladder. (P30 L1) 传统上，一名学生18岁时离开高中，会直接读大学，学习三四年，然后开始工作，慢慢攀爬事业的阶梯。

本句中划线部分为现在分词作定语，相当于定语从句who leaves school at eighteen修饰先行词a student.

7. Opposite is the Research and Development Department. (P23) 对面是研究发展部门。

本句是一个全部倒装句，原语序应为The Research and Development Department is opposite.

表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”:

1)形容词+连系动词+主语 例如：

Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.

出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授以及其他的客人。

2)过去分词+连系动词+主语 例如：

Gone are the Days when they would do what they liked.

他们可以随心所欲的日子过去了。

3)介词短语+be+主语　 例如：

Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.　

这些东西里有圣诞树、花儿、蜡烛和玩具。

6. In fact, there was so much work that I had to work overtime to complete it. (P22) 事实上，工作如此繁重，我不得不加班才能完成。

Families there are so poor that they didn’t even have basic things like refrigerators or kettles. (P31 L28)

本句中so…that …是一个固定句型，意思是“如此……以至于……”。

1) 注意与“such…that…”在用法上的区别，基本规律如下：

a. so+adj./adv+that b. such +a(n)+(adj)+n.+that c. so+adj+a(n)+n. d. such+(adj)+n.(复数或不可数)+that e. so+many/much/little/few(表示数量)+n.(复数)

例如：

When I left university, there were so many job opportunities that it seemed like world was my oyster. (P25)

He hold such a heavy stick/so heavy a stick that others think he wants to beat others.

2) 注意与so that…句型的区别：

so that …以致；目的是……

(1)so that可引导结果状语从句，从句前可用逗号与主句隔开。如：

The bus broke down, so that we had to walk. 公共汽车抛锚了，因此我们必须步行。

(2)so that可引导目的从句，常与may, can, will连用；从句在后，从句前无逗号，意为“以便，为的是”。如：

I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一条船，为的是可以去钓鱼。

3) so…that句型，当so位于句首时，主句用局部倒装，句型结构为：So +adj./adv.+be/助动词+S.+that…　 例如：

So clever is he that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book．

So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others.

So strange did she look that everyone stared at her.

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

5. It also gives the interviewer the impression that you’re confident even if you actually feel quite nervous. (P19 L41) 那也给面试官这样的印象:你很自信,即使实际上你很紧张.

本句中that引导的从句作the impression的同位语，是一个同位语从句。同位语从句属于名词性从句，大多由从属连词that引导，常常跟在fact, idea, opinion, news, hope,　belief等名词后面。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同位关系。例如： 　　 They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.

他们很熟悉这一观点，所有的物质都是由原子构成的。

They were delighted at the news that their team had won.

当听到他们的球队赢了的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。

4. When we look at the interview process we can split it into three parts… (P18, L 11) 当我们研究面试过程时，可以将其分为三部分：

The word split is a verb meaning ‘to break or divide sth. into two or more parts’.

Let’s split this big topic into four smaller ones.

Mr Smith split his money among his two sons and three daughters.

When conducting the activity, the teacher split the class into several groups.

3. Before we go any further, it’s important to make sure you understand what an interview is and why it’s arranged. (P18 L4) 在我们进一步讨论之前，非常重要的是确定你明白什么是面试以及为什么要安排面试。

本句中含有多个从句，Before we go any further是before引导的时间状语从句，主句中it为形式主语， 动词不定式to make sure you understand what an interview is and why it’s arranged是真正的主语，在主语中又含有一个由what和一个由why引导的名词性从句，作动词understand的宾语。

1)It’s +adj. +(for sb.) to do sth.为固定句型，it是形式主语。eg.

It is easy to criticize. 批评是容易的。

It is better to be early. 宁早勿晚。

It’s hard for you to change his mind. 你很难改变他的想法。

当动词不定式(短语)､动名词(短语)或者从句作句子的主语时,通常用it来作形式主语代替它们,而将真正的主语放在后面,以保持句子结构的平衡｡例如: 　It is difficult to complete the mission on my own. 独立完成这项使命是很难的。(真正的主语是to complete the mission on my own) 　It surprised me a bit that she didn’t make a response to my letter. 她没给我回信令我有点儿惊讶｡ (真正的主语是that引导的从句) 　It is no use arguing with him about it. 跟他辩论此事是没有用处的｡ (真正的主语是arguing with him about it) 　在上述诸例中,可以不用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语置于句首｡例如: 　To complete the mission on my own is difficult. 　That she didn’t make a response to my letter surprised me a bit. 　Arguing with him about it is no use.

注意：在“It is important/necessary/strange/natural/desirable/advisable ... that ...”句式中, it代替从句作主语时, that引导的主语从句中要用虚拟语气,即谓语动词应用“should + 动词原形(或should have done)”或只用动词原形｡例如: 　It’s important that we should show consideration for others if we are to live in harmony with them in social life. 在社会生活中,如果我们要与别人和谐共处,关心别人是很重要的｡

It’s also important that you wear smart clothes that make you feel confident. (P19 L32)

2) 宾语从句即在句子中起宾语作用的从句，本句中连接代词what和连接副词why引导的两个从句作动词understand的并列宾语。

2. Writing a good covering letter will increase your chances of getting an interview. (P17 )写一篇好的附函将增加你获得面试机会的几率。

　 Wearing a pair of shorts and a vest is definitely not acceptable when you’re going for an interview! (P19 L34)

　 Arriving late for an interview is one of the worst things you can do. (P19 L37)

Making eye contact is one of the quickest ways of establishing a bond with another person. (P19 L41)

这些句子的主语都是动名词短语. eg.

Writing an English composition is not easy.

It’s useless taking this kind of medicine.

Teaching is my full-time job.

1.　　 You can find the job vacancies advertised in newspapers. (P17) 你可以在报纸上看到工作广告。

此句中advertised in newspapers 为过去分词短语作后置定语修饰名词the job vacancies ,构成动宾关系，意思是“被在报纸上广告的”。

　eg. people addicted to drugs 沉溺于毒品的人

　 a school built for children 建给孩子们的房子