(一) 知识概要

动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多，但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。① 时态：初中范围主要有一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来时与过去将来时六种时态。② 语态：主动语态与被动语态。③ 助动词和情态动词。④ 非谓语动词，也就是不定式，动名词及现在分词的用法。时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。

1? 一般现在时：主要有以下三方面，① 用来表示状态，特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物质有三态。又如：The earth moves around the sun? ?② 表?示习惯性和经常发生的动作，如：I often go to bed at 9∶30? ③ 在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作，如：As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.

2? 一般过去时：①　主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，如：I was ill last week? ② 过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作，如：I used to get up at six.

3? 一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作，其构成方式① 用will (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生，或经常、将要发生的动作或状态，如：School will begin on Sepember 1st? ② 用be going to+动词原形，用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如：?I'm? going to swim this afternoon? ③ be+现在分词，也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来，如：?I'm? coming。这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词。④ 在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。

4? 现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态，情感的某些词没有现在进行时，这些动词有：like, have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect…

5? 过去将来时：用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作，如： He told me he would come to my party?

6? 现在完成时与过去完成时：现在完成时的两个用处是：①　用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在，如：I've studied English for two years? ② 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在，如：I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now? 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间，现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在，而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如：I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time? 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话，则将变为过去完成时，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时，但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：When I got to school, the class had begun? 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态，或延续性动词，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes?语态：英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态，句子中的主语是动作的执行者，如：I broke the window? 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语，如：The window was broken by me? 被动语态主要用于，动作的执行者不明确，或没有必要说出来，如：The New building was built last week? 关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词，在被动语态要还原，如： 主动语态 I saw him come in.　被动语态 He was seen to come in. 助动词和情态动词：助动词本身没有词义，它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词，形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句，否定句，以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。最后要谈论的是非谓语动词，非谓语动词分为不定式，和动词的ing形式，(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围，这一项不是语法重点，但还是要花一定时间去学习，为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如：To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见) He want to see a film? 还可以作补足语，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作状语，如：I come here to learn English.动名词也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语)

Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语)

(三) 例题解析

1? - How many students are there in your school, Mike?

　- There are over ＿＿＿ students in our school.

　A. two thousands

B. two thousands of

C. two thousand

D. two thousand of

［答案］ C.

［析］ 有基数词在前面时thousand， hundred 等词不能加s，也不能加of结构，只有在thousands of时才可以使用。

2? John lives on ＿＿＿ floor. He doesn't use a lift to go up and down.

　A. nine

B. the ninth

C. ninth

D. a ninth

［答案］ B.

［析］ 序数词前加定冠词，nine 与 ninth 的拼写上有一个e字母相差别。

3? Wu Dong won the girls' ＿＿＿ race in the school sports meeting last week.

　A. 100 metres

B. 100?metres

C. 100 metre

D. 100?metre

［答案］ D.

［析］ 数词、名词、形容词等词用连字符连接成的形容词中，名词都不要加s，如： I have to write a two?thousand?word report.而且由连字符组成的形容词只能放于名词前，不能放于名词后，作后置定语，或用在be动词后作表语。

4? There are ＿＿＿ students in our school.

　A. four hundred twenty

B. four hundred and twenty　

C. four hundreds twenty

D. four hundreds and twenty

［答案］ B.

5? - How many days are there in a year?

　- There are ＿＿＿ .

　A. three hundreds and sixty?five

B. three hundreds sixty?five

　C. three hundred and sixty?five

D. three hundred sixty five

［答案］ C.

6? We have learned about ＿＿＿ English words.

　A. nine hundreds

B. nine hundred

C. nine hundred of

D. nine hundreds of

［答案］ B.

7? Autumn is ＿＿＿ season of the year.

　A. third

B. the three

C. thirds

D. the third

［答案］ D.

8? They are learning ＿＿＿ now.

　A. Lesson Eight

B. the eight lesson

C. Lesson Eithth

D. Eighth lesson

［答案］ A.

［析］ 第几课，第几个门……，在英语中有两种说法，①Lesson Two, Gate Two但要注意每一单词的首字母要大写。② the second lesson, the second gate 首字母不要大写，并要注意有些缩写的读法。如:

　p. 8-第8页(page eight)

　$ 8.50-8.5美元(five dollars and fifty)

　电话号码66164532－(six, six, one, six, four five, three, two)

9? The boy was so hungry that he ate ＿＿＿ .

　A. three bowls of rices

B. three bowl of rice

　C. three bowl of rices

D. three bowls of rice

［答案］ D.

［析］ rice 是不可数物质名词，而bowl是可数名词。

10? There are ＿＿＿ months in a year.

　A. twelve

B. twelf

C. twelveth

D. twelfth

［答案］ A.

　 (二) 正误辨析

［误］ 1107 should be read as a thousand a hundred as seven.

［正］ 1107 should be read as one thousand one hundred and seven.

［析］ 在读数字时，如：and前只有百或千时，用one hundred/ one thousand 还是a hundred /a thousand全是可以的。但如果文有百又有千时，则只能用one不要用a。 如果没有and时，如：1100也只能读作one thousand one hundred 或eleven hundred.

［误］ I drove about half mile.

［正］ I drove about half a mile.

［析］ 半小时为half an hour, 半天为half a day, 半镑为half a pound, 尽量避免用half a year, half a month, 要用six months, two weeks 或 fifteen days 要注意的是Half of the work is done? Half of the books are sold. 当Half 作名词时，其谓语动词要看of后面的名词而定。如名词是不可数名词则用单数谓语动词，如是复数名词时，则要用复数谓语动词。要注意的是一个半的表达法，如：One and a half apples is left on the table.其名词要用复数，但谓语动词则要用单数。

［误］ 60 students are playing on the ground.

［正］ Sixty students are playing on the ground.

［析］ 在句首的数字要用文字而不要用阿拉伯数字，如数字过大则应放于句中，用阿拉伯数字。如： There are 166 students playing on the ground.

［误］ He became famous around fifty years old.

［正］ He became famous in his fifties.

［析］ in his fifties 50多岁时，而in the fiflies 在50年代。

［误］ There are about two thousands workers in our factory.

［正］ There are about two thousand workers in our factory?

［析］ 几千，几百的表达法是基数词加thousand或加hundred,而且均不要加s。这样的单位还有dozen(打)， score (20年)等。

［误］ In the morning there are hundred of old people walking in the park.

［正］ In the morning there are hundreds of old people walking in the park.

［析］ 当表达数百，数千时，要用hundreds of和thousands of 这一结构。

［误］ The class begins at eight a. m.

［正］ The class begins at 8 a. m.

［析］ 与符号或与缩写的字母连用时一定要用数字，如：43%， 67?, No.2…

［误］ Two?fifth of the books are sold out.

［正］ Two?fifths of the books are sold out.

［析］ 分数表示法，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，但分子大于1时，分母要在序数词后?加s。

［误］ Tom was born on July eighteen.

［正］ Tom was born on July eighteenth.

［析］ 月日的表达法有美语和英语两种。 美语 July 18 读作 July eighteenth 英语 July 18th 读作 July the eighteenth

［误］ I'll go to school at 7∶30 a. m. in the morning.

［正］ I'll go to school at 7∶30 a. m/ at 7∶30 in the morning.

［析］ a. m 即表达在早上之意，不要再用in the morning.

［误］ The film will begin at three quarters past one.

［正］ The film will begin at one quarter to two.

［析］ 大于30分钟时不要使用past，而要用差多少不到几点的to来表达。

［误］ Three time three is nine.

［正］ Three times three is nine.

［析］ times 此处作为"乘"讲一定要加s。 英语中乘除法表达式如下：

算法 种类　 例 句

加法 一般 Five and six is eleven.

正式 Five plus six is (equals) eleven.　

减法 一般 Eight take away four leaves (is) four.

Four from Eight leaves (is) four.

正式 Eight minus four equals (is) four.　

乘法 一般 Three fours are twelve 3×4=12

正式 Three times four equals (is) twelve.

　 一般 Two in to four is two.

正式 Four divided by two equals two.　

　 (一) 知识概要

数词用来表示人或物的数目多少和顺序。所以数词主要有两种：基数词，用于计数，如：one, two…而序数词用于表示位置先后或次序，台：first? second…其构成法如下：　

阿拉伯数字 基数词 序数词 简写序数词

1 one first 1st

2 two second 2nd

3 three third 3rd

4 four fourth 4th

5 five fifth 5th

6 six sixth 6th

7 seven seventh 7th

8 eight eighth 8th

9 nine ninth 9th

10 ten tenth 10th

11 eleven eleventh 11th

12 twelve twelfth 12th

13 thirteen thirteenth 13th

14 fourteen fourteenth 14th

15 fifteen fifteenth 15th

16 sixteen sixteenth 16th

17 seventeen seventeenth 17th

18 eighteen eighteenth 18yh

19 nineteen nineteenth 19th

20 twenty twentieth 20th

21 twenty-one twenty-first 21st

30 thirty thirtieth 30th

40 forty fortieth 40th

50 fifty fiftieth 50th

60 sixty sixtieth 60th

70 seventy seventieth 70th

80 eighty eightieth 80th

90 ninety ninetieth 90th

100 a(one)hundred hundredth 100th

104 one hundred and four hundred and fourth 104th

1000 a(one) thounsand thounsandth 1000th

10000 ten thounsand ten thounsandth 10000th

1000000 one million millionth 1000000th

基数词与序数词都有一定的构成方法，但都有特殊例外的几个字，所以除了要学会一般构成法之外，还要特别记熟一些例外。因它们在考试中出现的频率很高。

1? 基数词构成结构

21-99的两位数字，在10位和个位之间加连字符构成，如89-eighty-nine.101-999的三位数字，由hundred 加and 再加二位数或未位数字，如： 101-one hundred and one, 223-two hundred and twenty-three.四位以上数字，应从个位起向前数三位加逗号，读作thousand,再数三位加第二个逗号，读作million,再数三位加逗号，读作billion，其读法如下：

1001-one thousand and one5386-five thousand, three hundred and eighty－six要注意的是hundred, thousand, million与billion的用法。①前面有别的基数词时，即若干个百、千、百万、十亿时，其本身都不要加s，如：three hundred students。 ② 若表示成百，成千或数百，数千时，前面不能有基数词，但其本身要用复数形式，然后+of+名词复数。如：thousands and thousands of。 (成千上万)

2? 序数词的构成法

序数词除first, second, third 以外，其余一般在词尾加th构成，除一般略有差异的各别数词外，很容易掌握。其二位数或多位数只将后面的个位数字改为序数词，其前面各位数字均不改变，都用基数词。

3? 其他数字表示法

小数的小数点读作point，零读作o［?u］或zero,小数点后面的数字按个位基数词依次读出。分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1时，分数要在序数词上加s，但1／2用one half, 1 4 用a quarter. 1 3 读作one third而 2 3 读作two thirds。百分数(%)，读作per cent (percent),但不论是多少均用作单数形式不能加s。表示日期有两种说法和四种写法，如：2月1号英语表达法为：the first of February而美语为February (the) first,但其书写上可有四种写法①　February 1 ② February 1st ③ 1st February ④ 1/2。倍数的讲法有所不同。两倍用twice,而三倍以上用序数词加times,如：He has three times as many books as I have.

(三) 例题解析

1? - Thank you ＿＿＿ the beautiful flowers!　

- Not at all.　

A? in B? on C? at D? for

［答案］ D.

［析］ 由于某事向某人道谢应用for。

2? Can you answer this question ＿＿＿ English?　

A? by B? in C? with D? from

［答案］ B.

［析］ in 表示用语言、声音、或材料，如：He answered the question in a low voice.

3? Look ＿＿＿ the map ＿＿＿ China ＿＿＿ the wall, please.　

A? after, of, in B? at, of, in

C? after, in, on D? at, of, on

［答案］ D.

［析］ look at 为"看"，而on the wall为"在墙表面挂着"，而in the wall 则是"在墙内"，如：There is hole in the wall.墙上有个洞。

4? - When did Mr Green arrive in London?　

- He arrived there ＿＿＿ the evening of December 6th.　

A? at B? in C? on D? to

［答案］ C.

［析］ in the evening / afternoon这两个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为on,如：on a cold morning, on a spring morning等。

5? We won the relay race. And there was a big smile ＿＿＿ our teacher's face.　

A? off B? near C? on D? between

［答案］ C.

6? The twins got on well ＿＿＿ their classmates.　

A? to B? in C? with D? about

［答案］ C.

［析］ get on well with与人相处很好。

7? - Please remember to come to my birthday party.　

- I see. I'll come ＿＿＿ Saturday evening.　

A? in B? at C? on D? for

［答案］ C.

8?　 Let's hurry， or we'll be late ＿＿＿ school?　

A?　to B?　at C?　with D?　for

［答案］ D.

［析］ be late for， 而 come late to， 如： Don't come late to school?

9?　 They will have a maths test ＿＿＿ two days?　

A?　for B?　at C?　in D?　after

［答案］ C.

［析］ 三天之内应用in，而不要受中文影响用after， after three days 是个不定的时间范围，即没有一个准确的时间。5天、6天、10天全是after three days。

10?　 My brother joined the army ＿＿＿?　

A?　1989， March B?　in March， 1989

C?　March， 1989 D?　1989， in March

［答案］ B.

［析］ 在月份、年、前用介词in，而日子前用on。

11?　 He couldn't work out the maths problem ＿＿＿ your help?　

A?　without B?　under C?　for D?　with

［答案］ A.

［析］ 在某人帮助下应用with， 如：With the help of the teacher I passed the exam easily?　而要是没有你的帮助则用 without your help?

12?　 Granny took one look at us ＿＿＿ her glasses?　

A?　by B?　through C?　on D?　in

［答案］ B.

［析］ through 为穿过……。

13?　 We had our breakfast ＿＿＿ a quarter ＿＿＿ seven?　

A?　/， to B?　in， to C?　at， to D?　on， to

［答案］ C.

［析］ 具体时间点前用at，而差几分几点用to，这里应译为：我在差一刻七点吃的早饭。

14?　 I learn French ＿＿＿ the radio every day?　

A?　on B?　in C?　from D?　at

［答案］ A.

［析］ 从收音机中听到某事应用词组 on the radio。

15?　 It's good manners to wait ＿＿＿ line?　

A?　in B?　on C?　at D?　with

［答案］ A.

［析］ in line 为排队。

16?　 How many English words had you learnt ＿＿＿ last term?　

A?　by the end of B?　at the end of

C?　to the end of D?　till the end of

［答案］ A.

［析］ by the end of 为动作的截止时间，与完成时态相配合

17?　 The manager was very satisfied ＿＿＿ his work?　

A?　in B?　on C?　about D?　with

［答案］ D.

［析］ be satisfied with 为固定搭配。

18?　 John hit Jack ＿＿＿ face?　

A?　on the B?　in the C?　on his D?　in his

［答案］ B.

［析］ 英文中的某些动词其后要接人，然后加介词+the+身体部位，如：He caught the boy by the arm。

19?　 I was born ＿＿＿ the night ＿＿＿ September 15， 1978?

　A?　in， on B?　at， on C?　at， in D?　on， of

［答案］ D.

［析］ 在时间前加介词时应以最小的时间单位为准。

20?　 It's a bad manner to laugh ＿＿＿ people when they are ＿＿＿ trouble?　

A?　over， in B?　at， in C?　in， at D?　at， for

［答案］ B.

［析］ laugh at 嘲笑某人， laugh over 笑着谈论某人或某事， in trouble 陷入困境。

21?　 I can't do this work well ＿＿＿ Tom's help?　

A?　under B?　for C?　without D?　from

［答案］ C.

22?　 Don't shout ＿＿＿ the old woman。?　You should be more polite ＿＿＿ her　

A?　to， at B?　at， to C?　in， for D?　from， for

［答案］ B.

［析］ shout at 为"冲某人喊叫"，而 be polite to somebody 为"对某人和气。"

23?　 We must be strict ＿＿＿ our selves ＿＿＿ everything?

A?　with， in B?　in， with C?　with， to D?　to， of

［答案］ A.

［析］ be strict with 对某人严格要求。

24?　 He went to the football match ＿＿＿ lunch last Sunday?　

A?　to B?　without C?　behind D?　between

［答案］ B.

［析］ without lunch 未吃午饭。

25?　 The people's Republic of China was founded ＿＿＿ 1949?　

A?　with B?　on C?　since D?　in

［答案］ D.

［析］ 在年代前用in。因句子是过去时而不是完成时，所以不能用since。

26?　 Mr Black got to Hangzhou ＿＿＿ a few days?　

A?　in B?　after C?　on D?　at

［答案］ B.

［析］ 这句话应译为：几天之后 Mr?　Black 到达了杭州。而不是在几天之内一定要做完某事，所以选B。

27?　 - Has the teacher given you any advice ＿＿＿ your English study?　

- Yes， he has?　

A?　from B?　with C?　on D?　in

［答案］ C.

［析］ 给予某一方面问题的忠告其介词用on。

28?　 You may depend ＿＿＿ him?　He is ＿＿＿ honest man?　

A?　on， a B?　in， an C?　on， an D?　at， the

［答案］ C.

［析］ depend on 为"依靠某人或某事"，而 honest 的首字母 h 不发音。

29?　 ＿＿＿ my joy， I can answer this question?　

A?　With B?　To C?　By D?　For

［答案］ B.

［析］ To one's joy 意为"使我高兴的是。"

30?　 The teacher asked the students to look ＿＿＿ the word in the dictionary?

A?　for B?　at C?　up D?　after

［答案］ C.

［析］ look for 寻找， look at 看， look after 照顾， look up 查字典。

31?　 A little monkey is playing ＿＿＿ a tree and there are a lot of bananas ＿＿＿ it

A?　on， on B?　in， on C?　on， in D?　in， in

［答案］ B.

［析］ 树上长出的果实为 on the tree?　而其他外来之物要用 in the tree， 表达在树上。

32? I go to school ＿＿＿ bus every morning.

　A. in B. by C. on D. at

［答案］ B.

［析］ by后直接加交通工具，表示乘某种交通工具去某地。

33? No one likes a person ＿＿＿ bad manners.

　A. without B. on C. out of D. with

［答案］ D.

［析］ with bad manners 有不良习惯的人。

34? The policeman was surprised ＿＿＿ the news.

　A. into B. for C. at D. out of

［答案］ C.

［析］ be surprised at 对某事吃惊。

35? He had to sell newspapers ＿＿＿ seven.

　A. at an age of B. at the ages of C. at the age of D. at age of

［答案］ C.

［析］ at the age of 在几岁时。

36? The little girl couldn't help ＿＿＿ when she saw a large dog.

　A. cried B. to cry C. crying D. cries

［答案］ C.

［析］ couldn't help+动名词表示情不自禁地去做某事，或禁不住做某事。

37? Jack was born ＿＿＿ March 1st, 1978.

　A. on B. in C. at D. of

［答案］ A.

［析］ 日期，时间前的介词按其表达语中的最小单位计算。

38? Edison was very interested ＿＿＿ science when he was a boy.

　A. to B. on C. in D. about

［答案］ C.

［析］ be interested in something 对某事感兴趣。

39? The teacher was very satisfied ＿＿＿ her answer.　

A. in B. on C. for D. with

［答案］ D.

40? The story happened ＿＿＿ Beijing.

　A. in B. with C. for D. on

［答案］ A.

(二) 正误辨析

［误］ We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.

［正］ We got to the top of the mountain at day break.

［析］ at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。

［误］ Don't sleep at daytime?

［正］ Don't sleep in daytime.

［析］ in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。

［误］ We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.

［正］ We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.

［析］ in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th

［误］ He became a writter at his twenties?

［正］ He became a writter in his twenties?

［析］ 这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。

［误］ He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.

［正］ He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.

［析］ 在具体年岁前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。

［误］ We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.

［正］ We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.

［析］ 具体某一天要用介词on, 又如：on New Year's Day

［误］ I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.

［正］ I'm looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.

［析］ 在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。

［误］ I haven't see you during the summer holidays.

［正］ I haven't seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.

［析］ during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I haven't see you for a long time. 而through 用来表示时间时则为"整整，全部的时间"。如：It rained through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。

［误］ At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

［正］ On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

［析］ On 加动名词表示"一……就"。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一听见， on arrival 一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)

［误］ In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

［正］ At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

［析］ at the begining与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end＝at last是指"最终，终于"之意。

［误］ Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

［正］ By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

［析］ by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为"不迟于某一时刻将工作做完"，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：I'll be there by five o'clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I won't finish this work till(until) next weekend.

［误］ He came to London before last weekend.

［正］ He had come to London before last weekend.

［正］ He came to London two weeks ago.

［析］ before 一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。

［误］ I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.

［正］ I have studied English for three years since I came here.

［析］ since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态

［误］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.

［正］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.

［析］ 中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。

［误］ Three days after he died.

［正］ After three days he died.

［正］ Three days later he died.

［析］ after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。

［误］ She hid herself after the tree.

［正］ She hid herself behind the tree.

［析］ after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。

［误］ There is a beautiful bird on the tree.

［正］ There is a beautiful bird in the tree.

［析］ 树上长出的果实，树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.

［误］ Shanghai is on the east of China.

［正］ Shanghai is in the east of China.

［析］ 在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in, on, to。 in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.

［误］ I arrived at New York on July 2nd.

［正］ I arrived in New York on July 2nd.

［析］ at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。

［误］ He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.

［正］ He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.

［析］ 在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。

［误］ There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.

［正］ There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.

［析］ 在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.

［误］ This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's.

［正］ This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's.

［析］ 要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailor's shop (裁缝店)＝at a tailor's, at the doctor's (去看病) at the bookseller's (在书店) at uncle Wang's (在王叔叔家)

［误］ Do you know there is some good news on today's newspaper?

［正］ Do you know there is some good news in today's newspaper?

［析］ 在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。

［误］ The school will begin on September 1st.

［正］ School will begin on September 1st.

［析］ 这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table (吃饭)， When I came to Tom's home, they were at table. 还有： at desk (学习)，at work (工作) at school (上学)， in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：at the school 即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。

［误］ In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.

［正］ On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.

［析］ 译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光"在……的路上"应用on one's way…。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。

［误］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.

［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.

［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.

［析］ in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。

［误］ I'll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.

［正］ I'll leave Beijing for Shanghai.

［正］ I'll leave for Shanghai.

［析］ leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for， sail for。

［误］ I'm sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.

［正］ I'm sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.

［析］ get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而get out为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲We'd better get in. 或We'd better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车：get on／off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into／out of (a car, taxi…)

［误］ Be careful? The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.

［正］ Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.

［析］ over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.

［误］ There is an old stone bridge above the river.

［正］ There is an old stone bridge over the river.

［析］ over还有一意为"跨越，横跨"。

［误］ The Dead Sea is under the sea level.

［正］ The Dead Sea is below the sea level.

［析］ 在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。

［误］ There is a big tree in the front of the house.

［正］ There is a big tree in front of the house.

［析］ in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.

［误］ It took them two days to walk across the forest.

［正］ It took them two days to walk through the forest.

［析］ across 作为介词有两个主要意思：① 横过，如：I want to walk across the street.② 对面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.

［误］ The sun sets toward the west.

［正］ The sun sets in the west.

［析］ towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时，其前面要用in。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：I went south. 也可用作名词，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south part of China.

［误］ Do you have no other clothes except those?

［正］ Do you have no other clothes besides those?

［析］ beside 是"在……旁边"，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是"除……之外，不仅……而且……，除了……以外还有……"， 如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。

［误］ Can I write the exam paper with ink?

［正］ Can I write the exam paper with a pen?

［正］ Can I write the exam paper in ink?

［析］ with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。

［误］ I'm earlier today. I came here by his car.

［正］ I'm earlier today. I came here in his car.

［析］ 在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi

by train=in a train

by bicycle=on a bicycle

by ship=on a ship

by boat=in a boat

by bus=on a bus

by plane=on a plane

by air 空运

by land 陆运

by sea 海运

on foot on horseback

by phone by letter by radio

by air mail by hand

［误］ A lot of French wines are made of grape.

［正］ A lot of French wines are made from grape.

［析］ made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood.

［误］ This is a good dictionary in English grammar.

［正］ This is a good dictionary on English grammar.

［析］ 关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。

［误］ Do you have the key of the door.

［正］ Do you have the key to the door.

［析］ key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千万不要用of。

［误］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.

［正］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.

［析］ have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。

［误］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.

［正］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.

［析］ be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.

［误］ He was good for skating.

［正］ He was good at skating.

［析］ be good at 为"擅长某事"，而be good for somebody为对某人很好。

［误］ It was good to you to help my little boy.

［正］ It was good of you to help my little boy.

［析］ 这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.

［误］ My parents were very pleased at me.

［正］ My parents were very pleased with me.

［正］ My parents were very pleased at my studying.

［析］ be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something。

［误］ He is agree with me.

［正］ He agrees with me.

［误］ He againsts me.

［正］ He is against me.

［析］ 同意agree为动词，而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。

［误］ I haven't heard letters from him.

［正］ I haven't heard from him.

［析］ hear from 即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。

［误］ Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?

［正］ Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?

［析］ 作为"拜访"讲call at其后接地点，如：May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。

［误］ Do you know the girl on white?

［正］ Do you know the girl in white?

［析］ in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有：in bed(睡觉)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危险中),in joy (高兴)，in good health(身体好)，in love(恋爱)，in trouble(困境)，与之相反的是out of ,如：out of trouble (摆脱困境)，out of date(过时了)， out of order(出故障)

［误］ He looked at me at surprise.

［正］ He looked at me in surprise.

［析］ surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首，To one's surprise, 如：To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at, 如：I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.

［误］ She didn't come to school because of she was ill.

［正］ She didn't come to school because she was ill.

［析］ because of 后接名词，如：The game was put off because of the rain.

(一) 知识概要

介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。　

介词 表示时间 表示地点方位 表示原因方式 其 他

about 大约在……时间　about five o'clock 在周围，大约多远　about five kilometres　 关于、涉及　

talk about you

above　 高出某一平面　

above sea level

across　 横过 walk across the street对面 across the street　　

after 在……之后　

after supper

　跟……后面　

one after another

　 追赶

run after you

against　 背靠逆风　

against the wall, against the wind

　 反对　

be against you

among　 三者以上的中间　

among the trees

at 在某时刻　

at ten

　在小地点　

at the school gate

　表示速度　

at high speed

　向着，对着　

at me

before 在……之前　

before lunch

　位于……之前　

sit before me

behind　 位于……之后　

behind the tree

below　 低于……水平　

below zero

　不合格　

below the standard

by 到……时刻，在……时刻之前

　by five o'clock

　紧挨着　

site by site

　乘坐交通工具　by air, by bick 被由　

was made by us

during 在……期间during the holidays　 　　　

for 延续多长时间　

for five years

　向……去　

leave for Shanghai　 为了，对于

be good for you

from 从某时到……某时　from morning till night　 来自何方　

from New York

　由某原料制成be made from

　来自何处　

where are you from

in 在年、月、周较长时间内　in a week 在里面　

in the room

　用某种语言　in English 穿着

in red

into　 进入……里面　

walk into

　除 分　

divide into

　变动　

turn into water

near 接近某时　near five years 在……附近　near the park　　

of　　 用某种原料制成　

be made of

　属于……性质　

a map of U. S .A

on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面　

on the desk 靠吃……为生live on rice 关于　a book on Physics

over 渡过一整段时间　work over night 在上方

over the desk

　超过， 高于　over five pairs　

past 超过某一时刻　

ten past five

　经过某地　

walk past the park

since 从某时以来　

since 1980

　　 原因　

Since you were ill

through 经过某一时期　through his life　 通过、穿过某地　

through the forest　　

till　until 直到某时为止　till five o'clock　　　

to 差多少时间　

five to ten

　问，到，去往　

to Shanghai

　面对面　

face to face

　给予give a book to me

under　　 在……下面　

under the desk

　少于　

under ten

　在……管制之 下 under the rule

with　　 用某种工具　with a pen 带着，具有

with me

without　　 没有　

without air

(三) 例题解析

1? We bought Granny a present, ＿＿＿ she didn't like it.　

A. but B. and

C. or D. so

［答案］ A.

［析］ 由于句意的原因，应选择转折连词。

2? Run quickly, ＿＿＿ we'll miss the early train.　

A. and B. but

C. so D. or

［答案］ D.

［析］ or这里应译为：否则。

3? I'll give the book to him ＿＿＿ he comes back.　

A. since B. as soon as

C. before D. until

［答案］ B.

［析］ as soon as 引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。

4? Don't cross the road ＿＿＿ the light turns green.　

A. when B. while

C. until D. as

［答案］ C.

［析］ until应译为"直到……才"，因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如：She did not go to bed until her mother came back. 应译为"直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉"。

5? Miss Gao has been a teacher ＿＿＿ 1990.　

A. before B. after

C. since D. in

［答案］ C.

［析］ 因为主句为完成时，所以应用 since表示该动作的启始点。

6? - Which would you like better, tea ＿＿＿ milk?　

- Tea, please.　

A. but B. and

C. or D. with

［答案］ C.

［析］ 在疑问句与否定句中应用or来表示一种选择。

7? We love spring ＿＿＿ there's beautiful flowers every where.　

A. though B. but

C. or D. because

［答案］ D.

［析］ 因为这里表示的是因果关系。

8? Please leave ＿＿＿ 7∶00, then you'll be able to get ＿＿＿ there earlier.　

A. till, in B. from, /

C. before, / D. behind, to

［答案］ C.

［析］ before为在7∶00之前离开。

9? The teacher didn't begin the lesson ＿＿＿ all the students stopped talking.　

A. until B. after

C. if D. because

［答案］ A.

［析］ 这句应译为"直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课"。因begin为瞬间动词，所以应用否定句。

10? Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ＿＿＿ she was ill.　

A. but B. until

C. if D. because

［答案］ D.

［析］ 这里是表示因果关系，所以应用because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。

11? You must start right now, ＿＿＿ you'll miss the train.　

A. for B. and

C. so D. or

［答案］ D.

［析］ or译为"否则"。本句句意为：你必须马上走了，否则要赶不上火车了。

12? ＿＿＿ he is a child of six, he can read and write.　

A. Whose B. If

C. Though D. Because

［答案］ C.

［析］ 这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句，应译为：虽然他才是个6岁的孩子，他却可以读书和写字。

13? I like fish, ＿＿＿ chicken, ＿＿＿ eggs.　

A. and, and B. and, with

C. /, and D. and, /

［答案］ C.

［析］ 在有若干个名词或动词出现时，每一个词之间只用逗号连接，只在最后两个词之间加and。如：The old man passed the street, went into a shop and bought some food。

14? Take this dictionary with you ＿＿＿ you may use it in class.　

A. when B. in order to

C. but D. so that

［答案］ D.

［析］ so that应译为"为的是"。本句句义为：带上字典，为的是在上课时可能有用。而in order to 其后应接动词不定式，如：Take this dictionary with you in order to use it in class。

15? I hope ＿＿＿ will be fine tomorrow.　

A. it B. what

C. whether D. when

［答案］ A.

［析］ hope后接的是宾语从句，而且宾语从句中少主语，应用it来代替天气。

16? ＿＿＿ she was not well, I decided to go without her.　

A. Though B. As

C. When D. Because of

［答案］ B.

［析］ as这里应译为"由于"。全句意为：由于她不舒服，我决定不带她去了。而because of 其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如： Because of the heavy rain, we decided not to go。

17? My aunt bought me ＿＿＿ many story books that I spent a lot of time them.　

A. such…on B. such…in

C. too…in D? so…on

［答案］ D.

［析］ 因many前只能用so来修饰，所以只能选择D选项。而spend…on something 为在某事上花费时间或钱。如：She spent a lot of money on her clothes。

18? Mother was cooking ＿＿＿ she ＿＿＿ a knock at the door.　

A. when, listen to B. while, listened to　

C. while, heard D. when, heard

［答案］ D.

［析］ when在这里应译为：就在那时，那一刻，那一瞬间。

19? Speak slowly, ＿＿＿ we can understand you.　

A. and B. or

C. if D. because

［答案］ A.

［析］ and这里是并列连词，应译为：请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。

20? You'll learn English well ＿＿＿ you put your heart into it.　

A. if B. so

C. until D. or

［答案］ A.

［析］ 本句译为：如果你将心放在学习上，你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。

21? I won't let you in ＿＿＿ you show me your pass.　

A. until B. for

C. since D. because

［答案］ A.

22? She didn't go to school ＿＿＿ she was ill.　

A. why B. because

C. where D. but

［答案］ B.

(二) 正误辨析

［误］ Both my parents are not here. They went to the concert just now.

［正］ Neither of my parents is here. They went to the concert just now.

［析］ 在英语中both一般用于肯定句中，如用于否定句中，其意义也不同于汉语，如：Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neither of us is right。 才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。

［误］ He or his parents has some tickets for the film.

［正］ He or his parents have some tickets for the film.

［析］ 由or 连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。

［误］ You should study hard, and you won't pass the exam.

［正］ You should study hard, or you won't pass the exam.

［析］ or作为连词，这里的意思为"否则"。又如：Hurry up, or you'll be late for school.

［误］ Though he is poor, but he is ready to help others.

［正］ Though he is poor, he is ready to help others.

［正］ He is poor, but he is ready to help others.

［析］ "虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是"，用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然"，二者只可用其一。

［误］ Either you or I are on duty.

［正］ Either you or I am on duty.

［析］ either…or 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应，这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or, neither… nor, not only…but also等。

［误］ Tom is our English teacher and teaching English in our school now.

［正］ Tom is our English teacher and is teaching English in our school now.

［析］ 并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。

［误］ My father likes swimming and to collect stamps.

［正］ My father likes swimming and collecting stamps.

［析］ 由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这是初学者要注意的一点。

［误］ My father is reading a newspaper, I am doing my homework.

［正］ My father is reading a newspaper while I am doing my homework.

［析］ 两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接，要用并列连词来连接。

［误］ My father asked me that if I wanted to learn how to drive.

［正］ My father asked me if I wanted to learn how to drive.

［析］ 宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。

［误］ We will go both to Beijing and Shanghai.

［正］ We will go to both Beijing and Shanghai.

［析］ 用both…and…作连接词时，其相连接的部分结构也要相同。

［误］ Not only Mary but also her brothers is going to dance.

［正］ Not only Mary but also her brothers are going to dance.

［析］ 由not only… but also…连接两个主语时，其重点在其后面的那一个主语，所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。

［误］ The teacher as well as his students are coming.

［正］ The teacher as well as his students is coming.

［析］ 由as well as 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与as well as 后面的名词无关，而与前面的名词相一致。

［误］ Tom does not swim nor play football.

［正］ Tom does not swim or play football.

［析］ nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词，如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or, 但要注意句子的含意，如：This animal does not like a cow or a horse. 这个动物既不像牛也不像马。This animal does not like a cow but a horse. 这个动物不像牛而像马。

［误］ For there is no light in the classroom. The students must have gone home.

［正］ The students must have gone home, for there is no light in the classroom.

［析］ 由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句 首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because, as, since与for 4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系，是最强的一个，而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词

［误］ My brother will pass the English exam is no question.

［正］ That my brother will pass the English exam is no question.

［析］ 主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。

［误］ This map will show you how will you get to the hotel.

［正］ This map will show you how you will get to the hotel.

［析］ 名词性从句作宾语从句使用时，最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词，如：tell, ask, show…

［误］ While the clock struch ten, all the lights went out.

［正］ When the clock struck ten, all the lights went out.

［析］ while是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如：While I am doing myhomework, my father is reading a newspaper. 而这里的when是"正当某某时刻"，"就在这一时间点上"，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。

［误］ While I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend.

［正］ When I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend.

［析］ 这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。

［误］ While I heard the bad news I felt sad.

［正］ When I heard the bad news, I felt sad.

［析］ while不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。

［误］ After school some students play football, or others go to the library.

［正］ After school some students play football, while others go to the library.

［析］ while在此处意为"而，然而"。

［误］ She sang when she walked along the dark street.

［正］ She sang as she walked along the dark street.

［析］ as用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。

［误］ I finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night.

［正］ I didn't finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night.

［正］ I did my homework until twelve o'clock last night.

［析］ until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离开则是长时间的。

［误］ I have studied English when I was twelve.

［正］ I have studied English since I was twelve.

［析］ since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。

［误］ Because he didn't study hard, so he didn't pass the exam.

［正］ He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard.

［析］ because 与 so在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用其一。

［误］ He was such excited that he could not speak.

［正］ He was so excited that he could not speak.

［析］ so与such的用法可以分为四种情况，①用于单数可数名词之前，其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词，如：It is such a beautiful book that every child likes it. 也可以用so, 其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词，如：It was so beautiful a book that every child likes it. ②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such, 如：It is such good weather that we want to swim. 又如：They are such good students that they can pass the exam easily. ③在few, little， much, many 这4个字前只能用so而不能用such, 如：I have so much money that I can buy everything I want. ④当that前只有形容词或副词时，这时只能用so, 如：She is so beautiful that every one likes her. He ran so fast that I couldn't keep up with him.

［误］ He got up earlier this morning so as to that he could catch the first bus.

［正］ He got up earlier this morning so as to catch the first bus.

［正］ He got up so earlier that he could catch the first bus.

［析］ so…that与so that的用法有相同之处，那就是其后接从句，而so as to 其后要接不定式，即动词原形。这样的词组还有：in order to。

［误］ I want to buy same stamp that you have.

［正］ I want to buy the same stamp as you have.

［析］ the same…as (that)这是个固定用法，在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而the same…that意为"我要的就是那一个"。而the same…as为"要的是和……一样的东西"。

［误］ Before I do not give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions.

［正］ Before I give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions.

［析］ 这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲"我没给你答案前"。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。

(一) 知识概要

连词是一种在句子与句子之间，短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词，它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor， not only…but also, as well as等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致，意义有转折的并列连词有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词，如：or, or else, otherwise… 再有的是连接双方，互为因果，或表示前因后果的连词有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then等。从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句，如：that, if, whether, 其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句，常用的连接词有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till 连接条件状语的连词有：if, unless, as long as 等，而原因状语的连接词有because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有：so that, so…that, such…that, as…as, than, where… 它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。具体用法见下表。

连词用法一览表

种类 功用 例句

并列连词　 连接具有并列关系的 词 He knows neither English nor French.

短语 Are you going by bus or on foot?

分句 Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming.　

从属连词 引导：　 状语从句　 I'll do it as you told me.

You will be late unless you hurry.

连接代词和连接副词 主语从句　 What he said proved true.

When we'll start has not been decided yet.

表语从句　 This is why he didn't come yesterday.

That is where he lives.

宾语从句 The man asked me which I liked best.　

I can't understand why she is so late.

关系代词和关系副词　 定语从句　 Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking.　

He came last night when I was out.