11. clean up 打扫　整理　如：

　I have cleaned up the bedroom. 我已经打扫完了卧室。

10. stay up 熬夜如：I often stay up until 12:00pm.我经常熬夜到12点。

9. yet 仍然，还　常用在否定句或疑问句当中

8. 倒装句:

由so+助动词(be/do/will/have)/情态动词+主语　意为：…也是一样

　She is a student. So am I.　她是一个学生，我也是。

　　 She went to school just now. So did I . 她刚才去学校了，我也是

　　 She has finished the work. So have I . 她已经完成了工作,我也完成了。

　　 She will go to school. So will he.　她将去学校，他也是。

7. 系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。连系动词除be 和become 等少数词可接名词作表语外，一般都是接形容词。　如：

　They are very happy.　　 He became a doctor two years ago.

She felt very tired.

6. 看起来好像…sb. seem to do sth.

it seems that +从句

　 He seems to feel very sad.

　 It seems that he feels very sad. 他看起来好像很伤心。

5.　 stop doing sth. 停止做某事　Please stop speaking.请停止说话。

stop to do sth. 停止下来去做某事　Please stop to speak.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　请停下来说话。

4. enough 足够　

　形容词+enough　 如：beautiful enough　足够漂亮

　 enough+名词　如：enough food 足够食物

　 enough　 to 　足够…去做…　如：

　　I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足够的钱去北京。

　　　 She is old enough to go to school.她够大去读书了。

“语态”表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中有“两态”的说法，即主动语态和被动语态，本单 元中反复出现的should be allowed 就是一个含有情态动词(should)的被动语态。 先看几个基本概念 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态 主语是动作的接受者为被动语态 只有及物动词才有被动语态。 2. 被动语态的构成 (1)The office is cleaned every day . The office was cleaned yesterday. Compare active and passive： 动作的接受者the office成了句子的主语，就应该用被动语态。从上面的例句我们可以总结： 一般现在时的被动语态为：主+am / is / are (not)+过去分词 一般过去时的被动语态为：主+was / were +过去分词 如：Butter is made from milk. This house was built 100 years ago. 以前我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态 born是个过去分词(bear) －When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者，句子后面需接by ~ ，译为“被(由)…” 如：We were woken up by a loud noise . 我们被嘈杂的声音吵醒。 (2)现在进行时被动语态的构成为 主语+is / am / are + being +过去分词 再如： My car is being repaired now. Some new houses are being built near the park. 公园附近在建一些房子。 (3)现在完成时被动语态的构成为 主语+have / has +been +过去分词 如： My key has been stolen. My keys have been stolen. I am not going to the party , I haven’t been invited. 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+过去分词 A note had better be left to him. Teenagers should be allowed to wear their own clothes 这里我们列举了几个主要时态，那么其它时态呢？ 一般将来时 主语+will +be +过去分词 过去将来时 主语+would / should + be +过去分词 过去进行时 主语+was / were + being +过去分词 过去完成时 主语+had + been +过去分词 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。 归纳： 肯定句：主语+be + 过去分词+(by ~) 否定句：主语+be not +过去分词+(by ~) 一般疑问句：Be +主语+过去分词+(by ~)? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by ~) 3. 被动语态的用法： (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by+动作执行者短语 Such books are written for children. 这些书是为儿童写的。 I haven’t been told about it . 没有人告诉我这件事 (2)强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。 The cup was broken by David. (3)作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型 It’s / was said / believed / reported / + that … It’s reported that about three hundred people were killed in this earthquake. 据报道，这次地震中大约有三百人死亡。 4. 主动语态变为被动语态 把主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是： (1)把原句中的宾语变为主语 (2)动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词 (3)原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。 注意事项： 主动语态变成被动语态应注意事项 从主动语态到被动语态的过程中主语、谓语动词、宾语都发生变化。 注意主格与宾格的变化形式。 注意主语的人称及数的变化对be动词带来的影响。 注意be动词的时态形式取决于原主动语态的动词时态形式。 5. 被动语态的几种类型

(1)有两个宾语的句子的被动语态(直接宾语，间接宾语) 常见的接双宾语的动词有 通常这种句子可以改为以“人”当主语；和以“物”当作主语的两种被动语态。 如：He gave me a book. －I was given a book by him. (以I做主语) －A book was given to me by Tom. (以物book作主语) He teaches us English. －We are taught English by him. (以人当主语) －English is taught us by him. (以物作主语)

(2)含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态 keep, make 三类的动词常常有宾语补足语，在被动语态中，宾语补足语位置不变。 We keep food fresh in the fridge. 主 谓 宾 宾补 －Food is kept fresh in the fridge. I saw him go into the office building. －He was seen to go into the office building. 英语中有“十大动词”的说法，即feel , hear , listen , have , make , let , look , watch , see , notice ，这些词在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不加to，但变被动句时必须加to.

(3)含有短语的主动语态变被动语态 不及物动词没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。但有的不及物动词后面加上介词及其他一些词类构成短语动 词之后，其作用相当于及物动词，可以接宾语，因而也可以变为被动语态。在变成被动语态时，不能去掉构 成短语动词的介词或副词 They take good care of my child. －My child is taken good care of 他们把我的孩子照顾得很好。 I turned off the radio. －The radio was turned off (by me) 附：动词短语的被动语态 take care of －be taken care of cut down －be cut down laugh at －be laughed at look after－be looked after 下列这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式，不需再加－by be covered with …用…覆盖着 be interested in …对…感兴趣 be surprised at …对…感到惊奇 be made of (from)用…制造的

(4)由情态动词形成的被动语态 含有情态动词的句子在变为被动语态时，在情态动词后面加上be动词即可，其句型如下： 肯定句：主语+情态动词(can , may , must)+be+ 过去分词… 否定句：主语+情态动词+not + be + 过去分词… 疑问句：情态动词(Can , May , Must )+主语+be+过去分词+…. 如：We should allow teenagers to surf the Internet . －Teenagers should be allowed to surf the Internet. Can you use it ? 你会使用它吗？ －Can it be used ? 6. 不能用于被动语态的几种情况 (1)当主动结构中的宾语是反身代词和相互代词时，不能改为被动语态。

We often help each other. 我们常常互相帮助。 (2)当谓语是表状态的及物动词时(如have , like , take place , belong to …) 如： I like these flowers. 我喜欢这些花。 I will have a meeting. 不说A meeting will be had. 应说A meeting will be held .

国有国法，校有校规。在你的学校中一定有很多规章制度来规范中学生的行为，使学生们都能健康成长。请你写一篇小短文向大家介绍一两条校规、校纪，如能用自己的观点来评价就更好了。(60词左右)