23、 “                 shoes do you take?” “Size 42.”

       A．Which number      B．What number    C．What size               D．What

24、 “                 is the weather like today?” “ It’s windy.”

       A．What             B．How        C．What kind            D．Which

25、Would you read my composition and correct the mistakes,                ?

       A．if  have         B．if any             C．if ever                   D．if  not

26、                     is the distance between these two villages?

       A．How far         B．What              C．How long              D．How much

27、                     do you go to the cinema? Twice a month.

       A．How many time     B．How much    C．How long                    D．How often

28、How                     it in English?

       A．you say           B．do you speak  C．do you say             D．to speak

29、                     is the population of the city?

       A．How much            B．How many             C．How        D．What

30、                     did she get this information?

       A．Whom            B．Who        C．Where            D．What

31、                     does your watch cost? Two hundred yuan.

       A．How many     B．What price     C．What             D．How expensive

32、About                  do you want to know more?

       A．Whom            B．who                C．which             D．what

33、――We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.

       ――What do you suppose                 to her.

       A．was happening      B．to happen    C．has happened        D．having happened

34、――Have you heard the news about Jim?

       ――No. What                    ?

       A．is it                B．it is                 C．are they          D．they are

35、――Would you rather go there by train or by air?

       ――           .

       A．Yes, I would           B．No, I wouldn’t    C．Yes, by air             D．By air

36、                     I go or                  you go yourself?

       A．Will…will             B．Shall…shall           C．Shall…will            D．Will…shall

37、――Do you think the question easy or not?

       ――           .

       A．Yes, I do                B．No, I don’t            C．It is easy         D．Yes, it’s easy

38、Shall we stay at home or                   to the park?

       A．to go              B．going              C．go                  D．will go

39、                     writer is better known in China, Charles Dickens or Mark Twain?

       A．Whichever      B．Whether         C．What             D．Which

40、――                     was the Nanjing-Changjiang Bridge open to traffic?

30、The Olympic Games,                in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.

       A．first playing   B．to be first played   C．first played     D．to be first playing

31、We saw the bird flap its wings and                  away.

       A．fly                  B．flied               C．flew                D．flying

32、I insisted that the dictionary                    to be bought at once.

       A．refers to         B．refer        C．referred          D．referring

33、                     , ice will be changed into water.

       A．Heating          B．Heated           C．If heating       D．To be heated

34、The foreigner seemed                 his way.

       A．to be losing            B．to have misse    C．to have lost              D．missed

35、Don’t leave me                   alone at home.

       A．to stay            B．stay                C．staying           D．stayed

36、Whatever                    must                     well.

       A．is to be done, be done   B．are to do, do  C．is to do…be done    D．are to be done, do

37、The officer ordered the wounded soldier                at once.

       A．to operate       B．be operated    C．was operated on    D．to be operated on

38、With the walls white                  , the room seems larger.

       A．painting         B．painted           C．to be painted         D．has been painted

39、――Can I help you?

       ――I’d like to have the shoes                  , for they are a bit smaller.

       A．changing        B．changed          C．to be changing       D．be changed

40、On hearing the news, the woman stood there                .

       A．frightened      B．frightening     C．to frighten             D．to be frightened

41、                     the train, they decided to wait for another.

       A．Missed            B．Missing           C．Having missed       D．Being missed

42、There                   no bus, I had to walk home.

       A．is                    B．was                 C．were               D．being

43、At present, there is a new airport and supermarket                     in the south of the town.

       A．built        B．to be built      C．being built            D．is being built

44、The young man told the doctor that he didn’t need                    his heart               .

       A．having, checked            B．to have, checked      C．having, to check     D．to have, to check

45、Try                the back door if nobody answers the front door.

       A．to knock at            B．knocking at    C．and knock at             D．and knocking at

46、We have to do something to stop wild animals                     .

       A．killing            B．to be killed     C．being killed           D．to kill

47、                     , we plan to hold a class meeting.

       A．Time permitting           B．Time permits   C．If time is permitted          D．Time permitted

48、With the boy                      the way, the soldiers got to the position in time.

       A．led                 B．leading           C．being led               D．was leading

49、The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth                    for him without delay.

       A．to weave         B．to be woven    C．to have woven       D．to be weaving

50、Look at his                  look. It seems as if he had met a               tiger.

       A．frightened, frightening               B．frightening, frightened

       C．frightened, frightened                D．frightening, frightening

51、                     , the players began the game.

       A．Having taken our seats               B．Taking our seats

       C．After we took our seats               D．Being taken the seats

52、                     him before, she didn’t know he was her uncle.

       A．Not having seen                          B．Having not seen

       C．Not seeing                                  D．Not being seen

53、                     many times, but he made the same mistake again.

       A．Having been told                        B．Although he had been told

       C．He had been told                        D．Having told

54、The glass of water is too hot. I prefer some cold                   water.

       A．boiled             B．boiling            C．to boil            D．having boiled

55、The little boy entered the classroom without                 .

       A．noticing          B．noticed           C．being noticed  D．notice

56、We’re considering               English in pairs after class.

       A．practising speaking                     B．practising to speak

       C．to practise speaking                    D．to practise to speak

57、                     the mixture, the teacher showed it around the classroom.

       A．To see                                         B．More students to see

       C．For more students to see             D．Seen

58、I apologize for                    my promise.

       A．not to keep     B．being kept      C．not having kept     D．having not kept

59、The book                     on the desk                  to her.

       A．lying, belonging                          B．lay, belong

       C．lying, belongs                             D．being lie, is belong

60、                     , Mary had to stay at home to look after her.

       A．Being ill         B．To be ill          C．Her mother was ill D．Her mother being ill

61、                     much English troubled him a lot.

       A．His not knowing                         B．Not he knowing

       C．His having not known                D．His not known

62、He won’t attend the meeting unless                to give a speech.

       A．invited           B．inviting          C．being invited         D．he will be invited

63、He got the first and won the prize as               .

       A．expected         B．expecting C．to be expected       D．expect

64、He stood there with his eyes                     me.

       A．fixing             B．fixing on         C．fixed to                 D．fixed on

65、Mother warned him                  after drinking.

       A．to never drive   B．never to drive    C．never driving        D．never drive

66、I remember                 something like that.

       A．that he say            B．him to say     C．his saying                   D．him having said

67、Did you smell something                   ?

       A．burnt             B．to burn           C．to be burning        D．burning

68、Because of air pollution, this city is no longer                .

       A．a good place to live in                 B．a good place for living in

       C．a good place to live                         D．a good place to be lived in

69、Let the day                  .

       A．to be remembered B．remembered    C．be remembered D．remember

70、His parents                  , the orphan is now taken care of by the villagers.

       A．dead        B．dying              C．have died              D．having died

71、Would you be                     to do me a favour?

       A．as good as       B．so good as       C．enough good          D．good enough as

72、He had us                    all through the party.

       A．laughing         B．to laugh          C．laugh             D．laughed

73、The nurse suggested the old man                    , for he had a long time to wait.

       A．to sit down     B．sit down         C．would sit down      D．sat down

74、Those who have questions                 , raise your hands.

       A．asked             B．ask                 C．asking                   D．to ask

75、This room is used               food.

       A．to store           B．storing            C．to storing              D．stored

76、We can’t keep our eyes                     to all this.

       A．shut               B．shutting          C．to shut                  D．shutted

77、I don’t feel like                   to the cinema.

       A．go                  B．going              C．gone               D．to go

78、                     you the truth, I don’t like the design he offered.

       A．Tell                B．Told        C．Telling                   D．To tell

79、                     at the station, they found the train                 .

       A．Arriving, going             B．Arrived, go    C．Arriving, gone                   D．Arrived, gone

80、What he said made us               .

       A．to surprise      B．surprise          C．surprising              D．surprised

[答案]：

       1、A             2、B             3、C             4、A             5、D             6、C

       7、A             8、A             9、D             10、B            11、D            12、A

       13、B            14、C           15、A           16、C           17、A           18、C

       19、A           20、A           21、C           22、A           23、C           24、D

       25、C           26、D           27、C           28、C           29、A           30、C

       31、A           32、C           33、B            34、C           35、C           36、A

       37、D           38、B            39、B            40、A           41、C           42、D

       43、C           44、B            45、B            46、C           47、A           48、B

       49、B            50、A           51、C           52、A           53、C           54、A

       55、C           56、A           57、C           58、C           59、C           60、D

       61、A           62、A           63、A           64、D           65、B            66、C

       67、D           68、A           69、C           70、D           71、B            72、A

       73、B            74、D           75、A           76、A           77、B            78、D

       79、C           80、D

十三、The Sentences

知识要点：

句子按使用的目的可分为四类：

1、陈述句           2、疑问句           3、祈使句           4、感叹句

从结构上看句子可分为三种类型：

1、简单句           2、并列句           3、复合句

1、陈述句：

（1）肯定句：We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。

（2）否定句：They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。

说明：叙述或否定一个事实或看法。

2、疑问句：

（1）一般疑问句：

Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？

Yes, I am. 是的，我是工人。

Haven’t you seen the film?  No, I haven’t. 你没看过这部电影吗？没看过。

说明：以一个助动词，情态动词或动词be开始的问句。回答要用yes或no。

（2）特殊疑问句：

Who is the man? 这人是谁？

When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？

What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？

说明：以一个疑问代词或疑问副词开头的句子一般要用倒装句语序（或称为疑问词加一般疑问句）

（3）选择疑问句：

Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。

Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。

说明：提出两个或两个以上的情况，选择一个作为答案。

（4）反意疑问句：

They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？

You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？

说明：提出情况或看法问对方是否同意。在陈述句后附加一个简短的疑问句，即前面句子肯定，后为否定；前面句子否定，后为肯定。

He seldom went to bed at ten, did he? 他很少在十点钟上床睡觉？是吗？

He knows little Russian, does he? 他几乎不懂俄语，是吗？

说明：当陈述句部分含有never, no, hardly, seldom, little等否定意义的副词时，附加问句用肯定形式。

（5）祈使句：

a．陈述句：Be sure to get there at eight. 八点钟一定要到那儿。

b．否定句：Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。

说明：表示命令，请求，叮嘱，号召等，谓语动词用原形。

（6）感叹句：

what + n.：What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊！

What a fine day it is! 多好的天呀！

how + adj.：How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀！

how + adv. ：How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！

How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀！

How + adj. + a (an) + n.How nice a boy (he is)！=What a nice boy he is! 多么好的孩子啊！

说明：表示说话时惊异，喜悦，气忿等情绪。what修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词或句子。

二、句子的类型（Types of Sentences）

1、简单句的句子的类型：一个主语+一个谓语，例：

The girl plays the piano every day. 那女孩每天弹钢琴。

两个主语+一个谓语，例：Tom and I are good friends. 汤姆和我是好朋友。

一个主语+两个谓语，例：He opened the door and left. 他打开门出去了。

两个主语或两个谓语或更多，例：Mr and Mrs Smith went to the market, bought some fruit and visited their friends. 史密斯夫妇去市场，买了些水果，并看望了朋友。
结构特殊：只含有一个词或一个词组，例：

Hello! 喂！

Help! Help! 救命啊！救命！

Many thanks. 万分感谢。
2、简单句的基本句型（The Basic Sentence Patterns）

句型结构：

（1）主语+不及物动词：S + Vi.，例：
Birds fly. 鸟飞   They disappeared. 他们消失了。

（2）主 + 连系动词 + 表语：S + V + P，例：

She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。

He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。

（3）主 + 及物动词 + 宾语：S + Vt + O，例：

He likes swimming. 他喜欢游泳。

We help each other. 我们互相帮助。

（4）主 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：S + Vt + O + O，例：

I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。

They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。

（5）主 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 补语：S + Vt + O + C，例：

They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。

I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。

注：S = Subject（主语）Vi=Intransitive Verbs（不及物动词）Vt=Transitive Verb（及物动词）P=Predicative（表语）O=Object（宾语）C=Complement补语

重点、难点：

否定陈述句要注意下列几点：

（1）否定陈述句主要是在肯定句中加not或no (= not a /any) 构成的，除not和no外，用具有否定意义的副词也可构成否定陈述句。常用的词有hardly, seldom, never, little, scarcely, barely, rarely等。

（2）其他成分的否定形式

有些句子的结构上属于肯定式，但含有否定意义的词，可分以下几种。

否定的主语：

Nobody will agree with you. 没人同意你的意见。

None of the students like the novel. 没有学生喜欢这本小说。

No student here studies Russian. 这里没有一个学生学俄语。
否定的宾语：

We saw nothing in the darkness. 在黑暗中我们什么都看不见。

He will borrow the book from nobody. 他从谁那都借不来这本书。

You must remember not to be late for class. 你必须记住上课不准迟到。

否定的状语：

They came here not by bike but on foot. 他不是骑车来的而是走着来的。

We could find him nowhere. 我们什么地方也找不到他。

（3）不定代词all, both, everyone或everybody用于否定句时，表示部分否定。

All the trees here are not apple trees. ( = Not all the trees here are apple trees. )

这里的树并非都是苹果树。（有的是苹果树，有的不是。）

Both of the sisters are not nurses. ( = Not both of the sisters are nurses.)

这姐儿俩并不都是护士。

Everybody can’t do it. (= Not everybody can do it. )

并不是人人都能做这件事。

【专项训练】：

一、陈述句和疑问句：

1、They               happy when they hear the news.

       A．will                B．will be                   C．were        D．don’t

2、―― “ Is your uncle a driver?”

       ―― “                  .”

      A．No, but my aunt is       B．Yes, but my anut is   C．No, he doesn’t         D．Yes, he does

3、We                  satisfied with their work.

       A．don’t              B．are not                  C．won’t             D．weren’t being

4、He                  coffee at all. He                  tea.

       A．doesn’t like, prefers                    B．likes, doesn’t prefer

       C．would like, not prefers                D．prefers, is not fond of

5、She                 me only twice since last year.

       A．sees                B．was seeing              C．has seen          D．have seen

6、My grandma                 in the country. Now she                    in the city.

       A．used to live, lives   B．used to living, lived   C．uses to live, is living       D．was used to live, lives

7、You                 make such mistakes again.

       A．should never   B．should not always   C．would always not             D．would not forever

8、 “Can you drive a car?” “                  .”

       A．Yes, and Jim can’t too  B．Yes, but Jim can’t  C．No, but Jim can, too   D．No, but Jim can’t

9、 “Are you going to the super market?” “ No,                 .”

       A．I cycle there    B．I walk there     C．to the work                    D．I’ve already been there

10、In England tea                   with milk or sugar in it.

       A．usually drinks              B．is usually drunk    C．usually is drunk  D．drank usually

11、 “Is she going to the post office?” “No,                  .”

       A．she doesn’t            B．she goes by bike    C．to the shops         D．she’s on the bike

12、Tom                     like reading at all. He                interested in playing basketball.

       A．doesn’t, is              B．doesn’t, were         C．is, does           D．was, is

13、When                   home from work?

       A．do your parents come   B．does your parents come  C．have your parentsD．our parents come

14、Which of the students                the examination?

       A．not pass          B．didn’t pass            C．pass                D．didn’t passed

15、They                    trouble lifting the heavy box.

       A．didn’t have many  B．hadn’t a lot of   C．didn’t have much   D．haven’t a great deal of

16、―― “Did you have breakfast this morning?

       ―― “                  .”

       A．Yes, I had       B．Yes, I did        C．No, I hadn’t   D．No, I didn’t have.

17、                     colour is the cover of the dictionary?

       A．What             B．Which            C．How        D．Whose

18、 “                 does he brush his teeth a day?” “Twice.”

       A．What time      B．How long        C．When             D．How many times

19、There are many pictures on the wall.

                            do you like best?

       A．What             B．Which one    C．Which of the picture   D．Which one picture

20、Since when                  her?

       A．did you know        B．have you known    C．do you know              D．you know

21、 “That ten pound note belongs to me.” “               .”

       A．Yes, it is          B．Yes, it belongs C．No it doesn’t         D．No, it isn’t

22、 “Would you rather wait or come back later?” “                        .”

       A．I’d rather come back    B．Yes, I’d rather not wait    C．No, I’d rather wait D．to come back

           语  态

  式

主动语态

被动语态

一般式

doing

being done

完成式

having done

having been done

否定式：not + 动名词

1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

2）被动式：

He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

3）完成式：

We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

4）完成被动式：

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

5）否定式：not + 动名词

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

2、动名词的句法功能：

1）作主语：

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。

2）作表语：

In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。

3）作宾语：

They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。

注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：

We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…（from）,protect…from,set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

4）作定语：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗？

5）作同位语：

The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

（三）现在分词：

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

1、现在分词的形式：

现在

及  物  动  词  write

不及物动词go

分词

主动语态

被动语态

主动语态

一般式

writing

being written

going

完成式

having written

having been written

having gone

否定式：not + 现在分词

1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：

They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。

Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。

2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。

The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。

2、现在分词的句法功能：

1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。

In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改为the man who is speaking.

2）现在分词作表语：

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。

The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。

be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

3）作宾语补足语：

如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：

see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？

He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

4）现在分词作状语：

A）作时间状语：

(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。

B）作原因状语：

Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。

C）作方式状语，表示伴随：

He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。

D）作条件状语：

(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

E）作结果状语：

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。

F）作目的状语：

He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

G）作让步状语：

Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。

H）与逻辑主语构成独立主格：

I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。

All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。

Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。

有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式

With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。

H）作独立成分：

Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。

（四）过去分词：

过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。

过去分词的句法功能：

1、过去分词作定语：

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。

注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

2、过去分词作表语：

The window is broken. 窗户破了。

The were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：

The window is broken.（系表）

The window was broken by the boy.（被动）

有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：

boiled water（开水）                             fallen leaves（落叶）

newly arrived goods（新到的货）   the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）

这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

3、过去分词作宾语补足语：

I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。

有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：

With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。

4、过去分词作状语：

Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）

Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）

Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）

Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）

Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。

5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格：

All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。

The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。

非谓语动词用法对比

知识要点：

1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：

Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。

It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。

2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：

（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do

（2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.

3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：

It’s no good (use, fun) doing.

It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.

It’s worth while doing.

1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。

His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。

2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。

Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蚁后）的专职工作是产卵。

3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。

The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）

With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时）

4、常用作表语的现在分词有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。现在分词表示进行与主动。

The joke is amusing .这笑话很逗人。

The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人不解。

5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。

The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语）

The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态）

He is well educated.（过去分词做表语）

He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态）

常用在句中做表语的过去分词有：used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。

6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：interest（使…感兴趣），surprise（使…吃惊），frighten（使…害怕），excite（使…兴奋），tire（使…疲劳），please（使…满意），puzzle（使…迷惑不解），satisfy（使…满意），amuse（使…娱乐），disappoint（使…失望），inspire（使…欢欣鼓舞），worry（使…忧虑）

它们的现在分词常修饰物（有时修饰人），表示主动，过去分词常修饰人，表示被动（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如：

Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。

They are very tired. 他们很疲劳

After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.

三、不定式与动名词做宾语：

1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。

2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。

3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.

He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我发信。）

I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永远也忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵的邮票。

Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，记得给我们写信。

I don’t remember meeting him. 我不记得见过他。

I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。

They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他们后悔同意这个计划。

He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他尽力假装与朋友分享欢乐。

She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow. 她试着看看小说，但也不能使她忘记伤心事。

I didn’t mean to hurt you. 我没有企图伤害你。

A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不图回报地帮助别人。

4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。

The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。

The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。

This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。

The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。

1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid

The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天。

We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补。）

2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如：

We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。

The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干12小时工作。

注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲，而做“制造、有”解时，跟带有to的不定式做状语。

Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。

He had a meeting to attend. 他有个会要开。

3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。例：

We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。

We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。

五、非谓语动词做定语：

1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。例如：

He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他没有房子住却有好多活要干。

Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我们班长是第一个到的。

2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：

动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。

a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）

a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）

the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）

the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）

3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：

a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息（意同a piece of news which disappointed us）

in the following years 在后来的几年中（意同in the years that followed）

a well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）

a car parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate）

六、不定式与分词做状语：

1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：

He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）

To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）

All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)

2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：

Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语）

Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房间时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语）

Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语）

Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语）

He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）

【专项训练】：

1、They knew her very well. They had seen her                   up from childhood.

       A．grow              B．grew        C．was growing          D．to grow

2、Tom kept quiet about the accident                   lose his job.

       A．so not as to     B．so as not to     C．so as to not            D．not so as to

3、She reached the top of the hill and stopped                    on a big rock by the side of the path.

       A．to have rested        B．resting     C．to rest               D．rest

4、The next morning she found the man               in bed, dead.

       A．lying              B．lie                   C．lay                 D．laying

5、Only one of these books is                  .

       A．worth to read        B．worth being read    C．worth of reading      D．worth reading

6、The squirrel was lucky that it just missed                .

       A．catching         B．to be caught   C．being caught         D．to catch

7、Most of the people                to the party were famous scientists.

       A．invited           B．to invite          C．being invited         D．inviting

8、She didn’t remember                  him before.

       A．having met     B．have met        C．to meet                  D．to having met

9、  ――Good morning. Can I help you?

       ――I’d like to have this package                    , madam.

       A．be weighed     B．to be weighed C．to weigh                D．weighed

10、There was a terrible noise                 the sudden burst of light.

       A．followed         B．following C．to be followed        D．being followed

11、The murderer was brought in, with his hands               behind.

       A．being tied       B．having tied     C．to be tied               D．tied

12、On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market,                  some bananas and visited her cousin.

       A．bought           B．buying            C．to buy            D．buy

13、The secretary worked late into the night,                     a long speech for the president.

       A．to prepare      B．preparing       C．prepared        D．was preparing

14、I can hardly imagine Peter                across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

       A．sail                 B．to sail             C．sailing            D．to have sailed

15、John was made                   the truck for a week as a punishment.

       A．to wash          B．washing          C．wash              D．to be washing

16、I would appreciate                     back this afternoon.

       A．you to call      B．you call          C．your calling    D．you’re calling

17、John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes                  .

       A．open        B．to be opened   C．to open           D．opening

18、                     a reply, he decided to write again.

       A．Not receiving                B．Receiving not    C．Not having received       D．Having not received

19、Charles Babbage is generally considered                the first computer.

       A．to have invented    B．inventing    C．to invent                D．having invented

20、 “Can’t you read?” Mary said                 to the notice.

       A．angrily pointing    B．and point angrily   C．angrily pointed   D．and angrily pointing

21、Rather than                on a crowded bus, he always prefers                a bicycle.

       A．ride, ride        B．riding, ride     C．ride, to ride    D．to ride, riding

22、The missing boys were last seen                near the river.

       A．playing           B．to be playing         C．play               D．to play

23、The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,           that he had enjoyed his stay here.

       A．having added        B．to add            C．adding           D．added

24、The first text books                   for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

       A．having written              B．to be written    C．being written                  D．written

25、We agreed                   here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

       A．having met     B．meeting          C．to meet           D．to have met

26、――You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

       ――Well, now I regret                     that.

       A．to do              B．to be doing     C．to have done   D．having done

27、The patient was warned                    oily food after the operation.

       A．to eat not       B．eating not       C．not to eat              D．not eating

28、                     in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

       A．Losting           B．Having lost     C．Lost               D．To lose

29、――Is this raincoat yours?

       ――No, mine                     there behind the door.

       A．is hanging      B．has hung        C．hangs             D．hung

   句子成分

非谓语  

主语

表语

宾语

补语

定语

状语

同位语

不定式

ü

ü

ü

ü

ü

ü

ü

动名词

ü

ü

ü

（极少）

ü

ü

现在分词

ü

ü

ü

ü

过去分词

ü

ü

ü

ü

（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

1、不定式的形式：

主    动

被       动

一般式

to write

to be written

进行式

to be writing

/

完成式

to have written

to have been written

否定式：not + (to) do

1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：

I’m glad to meet you.

He seems to know a lot.

We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.

The patient asked to be operated on at once.

The teacher ordered the work to be done.

2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：

The boy pretended to be working hard.

He seems to be reading in his room.

3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：

I regretted to have told a lie.

I happened to have seen the film.

He is pleased to have met his friend.

2、不定式的句法功能：

1）作主语：

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

It means failure to lose your heart.

2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.

He appears to have caught a cold.

3）作宾语：

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：

I have no choice but to stay here.

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：

He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

4）作宾语补足语：

在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：

With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：

I saw him cross the road.

He was seen to cross the road.

5）作定语：

动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：

A）动宾关系：

I have a meeting to attend.

注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：

He found a good house to live in.

The child has nothing to worry about.

What did you open it with?

如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：

He has no place to live.

This is the best way to work out this problem.

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：

Have you got anything to sent?

Have you got anything to be sent?

B）说明所修饰名词的内容：

We have made a plan to finish the work.

C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：

He is the first to get here.
6）作状语：

A）表目的：

He worked day and night to get the money.

She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.

注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：

wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.

right: To save money, he has tried every means.

wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

B）表结果：

He arrived late to find the train gone.

常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.

C）表原因：

They were very sad to hear the news.

D）表程度：

It’s too dark for us to see anything.

The question is simple for him to answer.

7）作独立成分：

To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。

If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.

9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。

He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

（二）动名词：

动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

1、动名词的形式：

       4、The operator put him           to 65250786.

       A．over               B．on                  C．through          D．in

       5、―Would you please tell John I called?

              ―          , please.

       A．Hold on          B．Hold up          C．Hold over       D．Hold out

       6、―Is this number 61234567?

              ―          .

       A．No, you are wrong                    B．Sorry, you've got the wrong phone

       C．No, you've dialed the wrong number    D．No, you are right

       7、―Hello. May I speak to Zhou Lan?

              ―Yes.           .

       A．My name is Zhou Lan  B．I'm Zhou Lan  C．This is Zhou Lan speaking  D．Zhou Lan's me

       8、―Do you want to have a message?

              ―No, thanks. I            in half an hour.

       A．will call again        B．can call      C．may phone him     D．would call

十一、Shopping

       1、―I'd like to buy a ten―speed bicycle.

              ―How about this kind of type?

              ―          ?

       A．How many is it      B．How is it     C．How much is it      D．How expensive is

       2、―            do you want?

              ―Half a kilo, please.

       A．How many apples  B．What are apples  C．How many apple  D．How much apples

       3、―What's the problem?

              ―I'm afraid               . It's a size 12 and it's too small.

       A．it don't suit    B．it isn't fit        C．it doesn't fit   D．it isn't suit

       4、―How much is the blue skirt?

              ―Ten dollars.            

       A．How many size do you want?          B．What size do you take?

       C．How large do you want?              D．What size do you dress?

       5、―What about the dark blue sweater?

              ―I like it, but it         . You decide.

       A．costs too much              B．take too much    C．cost too many        D．spends too much

       6、―Would you mind if I looked at some of your tape recorders?

              ―          .

       A．I'd better to see what the boss has to say about it    B．Not at all, sir. Go right ahead

       C．Thank you for your coming                      D．Yes, do that, sir

       7、―Do you think the shirt really fits me?

              ―          . It goes well with your tie, too.

       A．Of course it does    B．Yes, it does    C．I am not sure              D．Perhaps it does

       8、―Shall I ask the shop keeper if I can               .

              ―OK. And we'd better ask Mom whether it's cheap enough.

       A．take it on              B．try it on          C．wear        D．put it on

       9、―How much did you           the dress?

              ―We             210 yuan for it.

       A．spend, pay for              B．pay for, cost for    C．pay for, paid              D．take, pay

十二、Seeing the Doctor

       1、―Well,          ?

              ―I feel hot and feverish.

       A．how do you feel like    B．what's the matter with you

       C．what do you feel       D．what illness do you have

       2、―           ?

              ―Yes, I have. My temperature seems all right.

       A．Do you know your temperature      B．Have you taken your temperature

       C．Have you had your temperature     D．Do you have your temperature

       3、―Oh, doctor. Are you sure it's nothing serious?

              ―Yes,           . I'm sure of that.

       A．he'll well soon                             B．he can be right quickly

       C．he'll be all right soon                  D．he'll be good soon

       4、―You haven't had your lunch?

              ―I had a little, but                   .

       A．I didn't feel like eating     B．I didn't feel like to eat

       C．I didn't like to eating       D．I didn't want to eating

       5、―           ?

              ―I'm feeling even worse after taking the medicine.

       A．Are you feeling better                 B．How are you feeling

       C．How are you getting on                     D．How are you going

       6、―How about your headache now?

              ―I can't get rid of it. I don't know what's the matter.

              ―Take it easy.            .

              ―Thank you, doctor.

       A．Take this medicine before you go to bed     B．Drink plenty of water and take a good rest

C．Take this medicine a day three times        D．Go home and lie in bed for a good rest

       7、―My whole body feels weak and I've got a headache.

              ―          ?

       A．How long ago did you get it this     B．How long have you been like this

       C．How soon have you got it           D．How soon have you liked this

       十三、Requests and Offers

       1、―Can I count on you for help?

              ―         

       A．As you like.    B．I'm sorry.              C．Yes, you certainly can   D．Why do you ask?

       2、―Could you spare me some ink?

              ―          .

       A．Yes, of course         B．Not at all      C．Yes, I cold    D．Never mind

       3、―Let me help you carry the box.

              ―No, I can manage, but           .

       A．not at all               B．it doesn't matter    C．thank you just the same          D．the same to you

       4、―Will you make me a kite?

              ―          .

       A．I'm glad                B．I'll be glad     C．I'm going to glad       D．I'll be glad to

       5、―You seem to get lost. Need help?

              ―         

       A．Yes, would you help me with the bag?     B．Yes, take me please.

       C．Help me find the key, please.            D．I'm looking for Shanghai Road.

       6、―I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?

              ―Not at all.               .

       A．I've no time           B．I'd rather not   C．I'd like it                  D．I'd be happy to

       7、If you want to ask someone for help, which drills shouldn't you say           ?

       A．Could you do me a favor    B．Would you do me a favor

       C．May I ask a favor of you    D．Can you give me a help

       8、―Can I have some meat?

              ―Certainly, just         .

       A．take it as you like                       B．eat it as you please

       C．help yourself                              D．help yourself at home

十四、Asking for Permission

       1、―Would you mind if I played the violin here?

              ―          .

       A．No, you won't                             B．No, do as you please

       C．Yes, I don't mind                        D．Yes, do as you please

       2、―May I stop here?

              ―No, you            .

       A．mustn't         B．might not              C．needn't          D．won't

       3、―Shall I tell John about it?

              ―No, you            . I've told him already.

       A．needn't          B．wouldn't         C．mustn't          D．shouldn't

       4、―Can I use your tape recorder for a while?

              ―Yes,           .

       A．go ahead        B．you can't broke it    C．all right            D．no, sorry

       5、         ? I didn't quite catch you.

       A．Will you please repeat it again     B．Pardon

       C．What did you say                D．Say it again now

       6、Dick wants to go to the toilet during the class. He puts up his hand and says to his teacher:         

       A．Excuse me, I can't stand any longer.      B．Will you please let me go?

       C．Please, sir, may I be excused?            D．I must go outside.

       7、―Can I go and have a look at it?

              ―Yes, of course.         .

       A．After me        B．Come this way   C．You may look   D．This direction

 十五、Advice and Suggestions

       1、―I usually go there by train.

              ―Why not           by boat for a change?

       A．to try going           B．trying to go     C．to try and go           D．try going

       2、―I'd like               information about the management of your hotel.

              ―Well, you could have              word with the manager, he might be helpful

       A．some, a          B．an, some         C．some, some     D．an, a

       3、―I'm afraid I've got a bad cold.

              ―          .

       A．Never mind                B．Keep away from the medicine

       C．Better go and see a doctor    D．You need take a medicine

       4、―I can't see the words on the blackboard.

              ―Perhaps you need           .

       A．to examine your eyes            B．to have your eyes examined

       C．to have examined your eyes      D．your eyes to be examined

       5、―Let's go and see our teacher on Teachers' Day.

       A．That's will do                             B．That's all

       C．That's all right                                  D．All right

【答案】

一、Greetings:

       1、B             2、B             3、B             4、C             5、A

       6、B             7、B             8、A             9、B             10、C

       11、C            12、A           13、A

二、Introduction:

       1、A             2、D             3、D             4、A             5、C

       6、D             7、A

三、Farewells:

       1、B             2、D             3、B             4、B             5、A

       6、B             7、C             8、A             9、B             10、B

四、Asking and Directing the Way:

       1、B             2、B             3、B             4、A             5、A

       6、A             7、D             8、B

五、Asking for Time and Date:

       1、B             2、C             3、C             4、B             5、D

       6、B             7、C             8、B

六、Asking about Health:

       1、B             2、C             3、B             4、C             5、C

       6、A             7、C

七、Talking about Weather:

       1、B             2、C             3、B             4、B             5、B

       6、B             7、B             8、D             9、B             10、D

八、Invitation:

       1、B             2、B             3、B             4、B             5、B

       6、A             7、C             8、D             9、B             10、D

九、Making an Appointment:

       1、C             2、D             3、B             4、A             5、C

       6、C             7、A             8、D             9、A             10、B

十、Making a Phone Call:

       1、B             2、A             3、B             4、C             5、A

       6、C             7、C             8、A

 十一、Shopping:

       1、C             2、A             3、C             4、B             5、A

       6、B             7、A             8、B             9、C

十二、Seeing the Doctor:

       1、B             2、B             3、C             4、A             5、B

       6、A             7、B

十三、Requests and Offers:

       1、C             2、A             3、C             4、D             5、D

       6、D             7、D             8、C

十四、Asking for Permission:

       1、B             2、A             3、A             4、A             5、B

       6、C             7、B

十五、Advice and Suggestions:

1、D             2、A             3、C             4、B             5、D

知识要点：

在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。

1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：

1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：

They built a garden.

They suggested building a garden.

2）都可以被状语修饰：

The suit fits him very well.

The suit used to fit him very well.

3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：

He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）

He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）

We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）

Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）

4）都可以有逻辑主语

They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）

The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）

We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）

We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）

2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：

1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。

2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。

3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：

              ―Sure, it's 65250786.

       A．What's your telephone number     B．Can I have your telephone number

       C．Can I help you                   D．Can you make your telephone number

              ―Ah, yes, your appointment is at 4:15.         , please, Mr. Brown?

       A．Wait a minute              B．May you wait    C．Can you wait a minute  D．Take it easy

       7、―I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

              ―Oh, not at all. I               here only a few minutes.

       A．have been       B．had been        C．was                D．will be

       8、―I'll come back tomorrow evening at nine. Can you meet me at the airport?

              ―          .

       A．All right                B．All right. Nice to see you  C．OK, wait for me      D．All right. See you then

       9、―Will you be at home next Sunday?

              ―         

       A．Yes, but why?        B．No, never mind.    C．Not at all.                  D．Yes, of course not.

       10、―Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

              ―          .

       A．I don't            B．I won't           C．I can't            D．I haven't

十、Making a phone call

       1、―Hello, is Henry in?

              ―I'm sorry, he isn't here.         ?

       A．What's the matter        B．May I help you   C．Is there anything           D．Who are you

       2、―Could you ask him to call me, please?

              ―          ! What's your name, please?

       A． Sure                     B．Oh                 C．Yes                 D．Well

       3、―           ?