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2、作者简介:

弗兰西斯·培根(Francis  Bacon , 1561-1626)-英国著名的唯物主义哲学家和科学家。

马克思称赞他是“英国唯物主义的真正始祖”。

“知识就是力量”(让学生说)

《论美》创作于400多年前,选自培根的作品集--《论说随笔文集》,培根的随笔,皆系劝世箴言式的短文,对世态人情剖析入微、影响颇大。还有如:《论健康》《论家庭》《论勇气》等等。

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1、    导入:

前两天,看到这样一个小故事:1946年,二战刚刚结束,德国经历战火的城市一片惨象。一天,两个美国人访问了一户住在地下室的德国居民,事后,这两个人有一番发人深思的谈话:

“你看他们能够重建家园吗?”“一定能”“你为什么回答得这样肯定?”“你没有看到他们在地下室的桌子上放着什么吗?”“一瓶花。”“对,任何一个民族,处在这样的一个困苦的境地,还没有忘记美,那就一定能在废墟上重建家园。”

每个人都有追求美的欲望和权利,对于美,每个人也都有不同的理解。远古人认为羽毛装饰头部就为美(甲骨文),后世有又许多人对美进行过论述,今天我们要学习的是关于“美”的经典作品,弗兰西斯·培根的《论美》。

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4、    能恰当引用课文的语句,说一段话表明自己对美的认识和观点。

教学重点、难点:

理解本文富有哲理性的语言和思想

教学设想:

本文选自《培根论人生》,其中散文多为劝世箴言式短文,讨论了题材相当广泛的人生问题,有一些十分精妙的格言警句。本文有不少富有哲理性的语言,学生理解起来有一定难度,应启发学生进行质疑,充分发挥主动性学习,理解这些语句,并能充分发表自己对于美的理解。但要注意课文论“美”的切入角度,避免泛泛而谈以及空谈大道理。由于文本短小精悍,比较难理解,可以以同学讨论为基本教学方式,再适当补充一些材料,帮助理解。

教学过程:

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3、    对本文富有哲理性的语言及思想加以赏析。

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2、    理解本文的宽题狭做。

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1、    把握本文的思路,理解本文的主旨。

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(三)关于培根

弗兰西斯·培根 (1561-1626年) 是英国唯物主义哲学家。他出身于伦敦一个新贵族家庭,曾历任宫廷要职。1621年他被控受贿,免除一切官职,从此潜心从事著述。但他的主要理论著述都是在做官期间完成的。培根以知识论作为自己哲学的中心问题。他既指出人必须服从自然规律,又强调人的作为。他认为掌握了自然规律,人类在认识上会获得真理,在行动上会得到自由。培根在反经院哲学的斗争中,建立了自己的唯物主义经验论。他认为知识起源于经验,因此提倡观察和实验。但他也强调感性认识与理性认识的结合,因此指出不要做只收集材料的蚂蚁,也不要做只从自身吐丝结网的蜘蛛,而要做既采集又加工的蜜蜂。培根在他的《新工具论》一书中,阐述了建立真正归纳法的设想。他认为归纳的一个基本原则就是不能跳跃地而是逐步地从感性上升到理性,因此他反对那种从经验材料一下子飞到最普遍公理的认识方法。

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(二)《论美》另一译文

谈美(水天同译)

德行犹如宝石,朴素最美;其于人也,则有德者但须形体悦目,不必面貌俊秀,与其貌美,不若气度恢宏。人不尽知:绝色无大德也;一如自然劳碌终日,但求无过,而无力制成上品。因此美男子有才而无壮志,重行而不重德。但亦不尽然。罗马大帝奥古斯特与泰特思,法王菲力浦,英王爱德华四世,古雅典之亚西拜提斯,波斯之伊斯迈帝,皆有宏图壮志而又为当时最美之人也。/美不在颜色艳丽而在面目端正,又不尽在面目端正而在举止文雅合度。美之极致,非图画所能表,乍见所能识。举凡最美之人,其部位比例,必有异于常人之处。阿贝尔与杜勒皆画家也,其画人像也,一则按照几何学之比例,一则集众脸形之长于一身,二者谁更不智,实难断言,窃以为此等画像除画家本人外,恐无人喜爱也。余不否认画像之美可以超绝尘寰,但此美必为神笔,而非可依规矩得之者,乐师之谱成名曲亦莫不皆然。人面如逐部细察,往往一无是处,观其整体则光彩夺目。/美之要素既在于举止,则年长美过年少亦无足怪。古人云:“万美之中秋为最。”年少而著美名,率由宽假,盖鉴其年事之少,而补其形体之不足也。/ 美者犹如夏日蔬果,易腐难存,要之,年少而美者常无行,年长而美者不免面有惭色。虽然,但须托体得人,则德行因美而益彰,恶行见美而愈愧。         (选自《世界文学》1961年第1期)

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(一)《论美》原文

Of Beauty 

VIRTUE is like a rich stone, best plain set; and surely virtue is best, in a body that is comely, though not of delicate features; and that hath rather dignity of presence, than beauty of aspect. Neither is it almost seen, that very beautiful persons are otherwise of great virtue; as if nature were rather busy, not to err, than in labor to produce excellency.  And therefore they prove accomplished, but not of great spirit; and study rather behavior, than virtue. But this holds not always: for Augustus Caesar, Titus Vespasianus, Philip le Belle of France, Edward the Fourth of England, Alcibiades of Athens, Ismael the Sophy of Persia, were all high and great spirits; and yet the most beautiful men of their times.  In beauty, that of favor, is more than that of color; and that of decent and gracious motion, more than that of favor. That is the best part of beauty, which a picture cannot express; no, nor the first sight of the life.  There is no excellent beauty, that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.  A man cannot tell whether Apelles, or Albert Durer, were the more trifler; whereof the one, would make a personage by geometrical proportions; the other, by taking the best parts out of divers faces, to make one excellent. Such personages, I think, would please nobody, but the painter that made them. Not but I think a painter may make a better face than ever was; but he must do it by a kind of felicity (as a musician that maketh an excellent air in music), and not by rule.  A man shall see faces, that if you examine them part by part, you shall find never a good; and yet altogether do well. If it be true that the principal part of beauty is in decent motion, certainly it is no marvel, though persons in years seem many times more amiable; pulchrorum autumnus pulcher; for no youth can be comely but by pardon, and considering the youth, as to make up the comeliness.  Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last; and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance; but yet certainly again, if it light well, it maketh virtue shine, and vices blush.

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2、与课文相比,你觉得两篇文章的观点有相通之处吗?

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