4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况

　 ①当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)

He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him.

　 ②当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)

We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.

　 ③动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式

He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.

类似lose heart词组的还有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等

　 ④take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态

She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.

⑤当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时

Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。

The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人

The war lasted four years.　 这场战争持续了4年

⑥当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时

The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。

My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。

My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。

⑦当句子的宾语是同源宾语时

The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。

⑧当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时

I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。

He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。

⑨当用非谓语动词作宾语时

He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语

I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟

注意：少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后

He has decided to go and study abroad.

→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。

3.主动表示被动的几种情况

①不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态

常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等

This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。

These books sell well.这些书好卖。

The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。

Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。

The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。

　 ②一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等

The apples taste good.

The flower smells wonderful.

The news proved/turned out true

Cotton feels soft.

2.被动语态的句型

①常见句式是：主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)

He was scolded by the English teacher.

②主语+get+过去分词+其它成分

The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.

使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”

在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态，这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。

▲get+及物动词的过去分词

　 get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形

式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指"最后终于，突然发生"等意

义。

He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。

The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。

▲get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。

The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。

The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)

▲get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩

He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)

How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了？(有“不该关上’之意)

▲get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。

　 She got tired. 她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)

She was tired. (只表示”她累了”)

③带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。

She lent me a bike.®被动：▲I was lent a bike(by her).

▲A bike was lent to me(by her).

④情态动词+be+过去分词

This problem must be worked out in half an hour.

　 ⑤双重被动式：主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分

These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.

The murderer was ordered to be shot.

被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为"be+及物动词的过去分词"。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由"情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式"构成。

1.被动语态的适用范围

①当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。

This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。

②为了强调动作的承受者时

　 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.　 要求参观者不可触摸展品。

③出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者

You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。

常用于如下句型：

It's not known that… ……不得而知　　 It's said that… 据说……

It's reported that… 据报道……　　　　 It's not decided that…尚未决定

It's believed that… 据认为……　　　　 It's announced that…据宣布……

11.要求一定时态的固定的句型

①was/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，这时突然……)

I was reading a book when the bell rang.

②was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，这时突然……)

We were about to leave when the telephone rang.

③It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…

It’s the first time I’ve seen her.

We have been there three times.

如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。

Last year I saw him many times.

④It is/has been… since…

It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.

She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.

⑤Hardly… when…\No sooner… than…

Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.

I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.

⑥It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…

This is the first time I have been here.

It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.

10.过去将来时

①过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中)；

She was sure she would succeed.

I thought you would come.

把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式。

②表示过去经常发生的动作。

　 When he was young, he would go swimming.

注意：would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在，而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。

9.将来完成时

　 用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。

We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.

8.一般将来时

一般将来时有下列一些构成形式需要记住：

　 ▲will/shall do (侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事)

　 ▲be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)

　 ▲be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)

▲be about to do (按计划即将发生)

一般将来时的用法：

①现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态

Tom will come next week.

He will be here tomorrow.

②事物的固有属性或必然趋势

Oil will float in water.

Fish will die without water.

③对将来某个动作的安排、计划

　　 He is going to speak on TV this evening.

7.过去完成时

　 ①表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。

He had shut the door before the dog came up.

Everything had been all right up till this morning.

　 ②表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.

　 ③过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等动词)。

I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.

我本来想昨天拜访你的，但是下雨(让我不能来)。

　 注意：

▲过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它；

▲before, after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

He (had) left before I arrived.

6.过去进行时

①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)；

He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.

②表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行；

They were still working when I left.

③用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生；

I was writing while he was watching TV.

④过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)；

He said she was arriving the next day.

⑤与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。

(参看现在进行时的用法④)

Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.

⑥过去进行时可用来描绘故事发行的背景。

The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.